LIST OF TECO COMMANDS, TECO VERSION 1132
Last updated 9 March 1985. Z=232280

for nonnegative <n>, is the same as ".,.+<n>". For negative <n>, is the same as ".+<n>,.". "10^@XA" puts the 10 characters after the pointer in a string in qreg A.

<n>,0^@ returns -<n>; this is often useful. <m>,<n>*0^@ returns -<m>; it undoes the ",<n>". In other words, it extracts the first of two args. If you want <m> instead of -<m>, use another ,0^@.

returns the value <n>-<m>.

returns <n>,<m>.

Inclusive-or (an arithmetic operator).

Used in a file specification as the first or the second filename to stand for the default first name.

A command for cleaning up after failing searches. If the last search was successful, ^B does nothing. If the last search failed, ^B moves to the end of the range searched if it was a forward search; to the beginning, if it was a backward search. :^B does the same thing for failing searches but does FKC after successful ones.

Inside search string is a special char which is matched by any delimiter character. The set of delimiter chars is specified by the contents of q-reg ..D; initially, the delimiter characters are precisely the non-squoze characters (that is, all except letters, digits, ".", "%" and "$").

May be used in a file specification as the first or second file name to stand for the default second name.

when typed in from console, terminates the command string, and starts execution. If the command executes without error, TECO returns to its superior without flushing the type-in buffer. When proceded, it will automatically redisplay the buffer on display consoles. When TECO returns, AC 2 will contain the address of the 7-word "buffer block" describing the current buffer--see the section "buffer block" at the end. To type in a ^C in a TECO command string, use ^]^Q^C, which is specially arranged to inhibit the normal action of ^C at command string read-in time. A ^C encountered as a command is an error.

inserts its string argument, after deleting the last thing found with an S search or inserted with I or \ (won't work if pointer has moved since the S, I or \ was done). Precisely, ^F is the same as FKDI.

causes a "quit" by setting FS QUIT$ to nonzero. The consequences of that depend on the value FS NOQUIT$. Normally, FS NOQUIT$ is 0; ^G will then stop whatever TECO is doing and return to its top-level loop, or to the innermost ^R invocation if any, to read more commands (but first TECO will redisplay the buffer). In particular, it will cancel a partially typed-in command string. All unread input except the ^G itself is flushed. On printing terminals, output is also discarded. (If FS NOQUIT$ is -2 or less, this is inhibited). If FS NOQUIT$ is positive, ^G still sets FS QUIT$ but that has no effect. Thus, a program can inhibit quitting temporarily, or quit in its own manner by testing FS QUIT$ itself. If FS NOQUIT$ is negative, setting FS QUIT$ nonzero causes an ordinary error (whose error code is "QIT"), which may be caught by an errset (:< - >). If FS NOQUIT$ is less than -1, then in addition the input and output on the terminal are not discarded.

backspace; it is illegal as a command.

tab; in bare TECO, it is a self-inserting character. In EMACS, or whenever FS ^I DISABLE$ is appropriately set, it is equivalent to a space. In bare TECO, it inserts itself as well as the following string argument, so that Tab is equivalent to I Tab. This was intended to be typed by the user himself; using it in a macro is foolish.

Tab characters in the buffer or in typeout are displayed using tab stops at a spacing controlled by FS Tab Width$.

line feed; flushes current value.

valrets a string argument to DDT with dollar signs replaced by altmodes. (To cause a dollar sign to be valretted, use "^]^Q$" (ctl-close ctl-Q dollar)). If the command string contains an $P command, TECO command execution will continue with the character after the altmode ending the text string of the ^K. ^K causes TECO to believe that the screen has been clobbered, so it will automatically clear the screen and redisplay everything at the next opportunity. To avoid this, use "@^K" (if for example you know DDT will not type anything out, and will $P the TECO).

When TECO executes the .VALUE, AC 2 will contain the address of the 7-word "buffer block" describing the current buffer--see the section "buffer block" at the end.

form feed; clears screen on displays (when executed, not when typed). See F+ for more details.

carriage return; flushes current value. If FS STEP MACRO$ is a string, it is executed. (If there is a ^J after the ^M, it is skipped over first.) If FS STEP MACRO$ is a nonzero number, ^M does these things designed to step through the program a line at a time: it displays the buffer unless there was typeout recently, then reads in a character and acts according to it. Most characters simply tell ^M to return so that more commands will be executed. However, there are the following special characters:

^F	quit. Like ^G, but ignores the setting of FS NOQUIT$ and does a real quit.
^P	end stepping. Zeroes FS STEP MACRO$ and then proceeds without stepping.
^R	enter ^R mode. On return from ^R, another character will be read and decoded.

sets the FS LINES$ flag to <n>. Like "<n>FS LINES$". FS LINES$ controls the number of lines used for buffer display and, on display terminals, for all other output.

complements the FS TTMODE$ flag (initially 0). TECO normally displays the buffer on printing terminals only if this flag is set. User buffer display macros should exhibit similar behavior.

like "<n>^N :^N"

Note: ^N in a search string is a special char which is matched by any char other than the char after the ^N in the search string.

bigprints <filename> on the device open for output.

In a search string ^O is a special character signifying "OR" i.e., it divides the search string into two strings either of which will satisfy the search. Thus, SFOO^OBAR$ will find either FOO or BAR, whichever is encountered first.

alphabetic (ASCII) or numeric sort command. The entire buffer, or the part within the virtual boundaries, is sorted, after being divided into sort records (i.e., things to be sorted) on the basis of the arguments given to the command in the form of three TECO command strings following the ^P, separated by altmodes.

(Notes: (1) two successive null args will result in a premature end of command input, so use spaces where needed; (2) a dollar sign in any arg will be replaced by an altmode; (3) the three args will be left in q-regs ..0, ..1, ..2).

The three expressions are used to divide the buffer into sort records, each of which has a sort key. A sort key may be any substring of the record, or it may be a number. The records and keys are found as follows:

1. The pointer is moved to the beginning of the buffer, which is the beginning of the first sort record.

2. The first command string is executed. If the key is to be a substring of the record, this command string should leave point at the beginning of the key. If the key is to be a number, it does not matter what this command string does.

3. The second command string is executed. If this command string returns a value, that value is the key. Otherwise, this command string should leave point at the end of the key.

4. The last command string is executed. This should move the pointer to the end of the sort record, which is also the beginning of the next record.

5. If step 3 or 4 leaves the pointer at the end of the buffer, the creation of sort records is complete, and the sort takes place.

Otherwise, go back to step 2.

Sort records and keys may be variable length. No character (i.e., a shorter key) sorts before ^@, and keys are considered left-justified for the comparison. Numeric keys are always "less" than any string keys. Failing search commands are not errors while scanning for sort records, unless the FS S ERROR$ flag is nonzero. It is recommended that this flag be set, since code is easier to debug if all searches which are supposed to be allowed to fail have an explicit colon.

There is nothing to prevent overlapping records from being specified; the sort will copy each record so the overlap region will be duplicated. Insertion and deletion are allowed but know that TECO remembers the boundaries of records and keys as character numbers, so deleting chars from a record already delimited will shift chars from the next record into it, etc. The sort is stable. :^P sorts in reverse order. If FS ^P CASE$ is nonzero, ^P ignores case; that is, it sorts lowercase letters as if they were the corresponding uppercase letters.

^Q in a search string causes the next char to be quoted, i.e., it is treated as an ordinary char even if it normally has a special meaning ("^Q^Q" is a normal ^Q; ^Q works only at execution time, not at command string read-in time, so rubout cannot be ^Q'd). This also works inside file name specifications.

real time edit feature, intended mainly for display terminals. The position of the pointer is represented by the terminal's hardware cursor, rather than by any printed characters (^R ignores the contents of ..A, except on printing terminals).

All non-control-non-rubout characters are normally self inserting; the others are normally editing commands. The user may redefine any character by means of the FS ^RCMAC$ flag. In ^R mode echoing is turned off, so typed-in characters manifest themselves only by their effect on the displayed buffer contents (but see FS ^R ECHO$).

Any command may be given a numeric argument, which most commands (including all characters that insert themselves) treat as a repetition count. If no argument is specified, 1 is the default, but commands can distinguish between an explicit 1 and a defaulted 1. The argument is computed as follows:

<arg> = <basic arg> * (4 ** <exponent-of-4>)

where <basic arg> is the explicit argument, if any, or 1 otherwise. An explicit argument is given with ^V or by control-digits. <expt-of-4> is initially 0 and incremented by ^U. All commands except argument-setting commands discard their arguments even if they don't use the arguments. Three flags contain the argument data: FS ^R ARG$ contains the explicit argument, if any, else 0; FS ^R EXPT$ contains the exponent of 4; FS ^R ARGP$, if zero, indicates that no arg has been specified (neither the explicit arg nor the exponent of 4); if 1, indicates that only an exponent of 4 has been specified, and the basic arg is still 1; if 3, indicates that an explicit arg has been specified. The 4 bit, if set, indicates that the argument should be negated. (Control-Minus sets this bit.) All three are zeroed after any command that doesn't identify itself as an argument setting command by clearing FS ^R LAST$.

Any character may have a program associated with it, using the FS ^RCMACRO$ command. If that is done, when that character is typed, TECO will execute the program instead of inserting the char or using it as a built-in command. The definition of a character may also be treated as a q-register in the "Q", "U", "X", "G", "[", "]", "M" and "FQ" commands; see "Q" for directions. When the program is executed, q-reg ..0 will contain the character being handled.

When errors take place inside ^R, or in macros called from ^R, after printing the error message TECO returns control to the innermost invocation of ^R (unless FS *RSET$ or ..P is nonzero). The same thing happens for quits. See ..P.

One may wish to have a mode in which most editing commands are disabled, and most characters that are normally editing commands are self-inserting instead. The FS ^RSUPPRESS$ flag, when nonzero, suppresses all built-in commands except rubout and all user defined commands whose definitions do not begin with "W". (Since "W" at the beginning of a macro is a no-op, the only reason to have one there is to prevent suppression.) When a character is suppressed as a command, it becomes self-inserting. An additional feature is the FS CTL MTA$ flag; when it is negative, all control-meta-letters (and ctl-meta-[, ], \, ^ and _) have their definitions suppressed; this mode is useful when editing TECO commands.

In "replace mode", printing characters overlay a character instead of making the line longer. Replace mode is controlled by FS ^R REPLACE$, which see for more details. A more general facility for changing what ALL printing characters do is FS ^R NORMAL$. If this is nonzero, it counts as the definition of all "normal" characters. That is, the definition which all printing characters initially have says to do whatever FS ^R NORMAL$ directs, and otherwise (if it is 0) insert or replace.

You can redefine all "normal" characters whose Lisp syntax in ..D is ")" by putting a function in FS ^R PAREN$. This function will be executed IN ADDITION to the actions for handling all "normal" characters. This is good for something to point out the location of the matching open-parenthesis.

Normal characters which you don't redefine in one of those ways will sometimes be subject to system echoing, when that is implemented. This improves efficiency so it is done whenever it is safe. Characters which have been redefined and thus made not normal cannot be echoed by the system. If you redefine what "normal" means by making FS ^R NORMAL$ nonzero, system echoing will be turned off entirely. Sometimes Space is redefined with a definition which never does anything but insert a space unless the horizontal position is beyond a certain point (at which point it will typically break the line). Then it is desirable to enable spaces to be echoed when the cursor has not reached that column. This can be done by means of the FS ^R EC SD$ flag. Set it to the definition which Space has in that case, and set FS ADLINE$ to the column up to which it is safe to echo Space. Then, when Space actually has that definition, the system will be told to echo spaces but only up to that column.

By setting FS ^R INHIBIT$ nonzero, you inhibit display updating. But ^R still remembers what is necessary, and as soon as FS ^R INHIBIT$ is zero again the updating will be done.

Conversely, you may wish to inhibit the feature which causes redisplay to be suspended when input is available. Setting FS D FORCE$ nonzero does this.

The ^R-mode input dispatch table is actually indexed by 9-bit TV character code. Each 9-bit code can be redefined. The list of ^R-mode initial definitions that follows refers to the characters obtainable on non-TV's--in other words, the 9-bit characters which are the results of reading in the 14-bit codes 0000 through 0177, which are precisely the 9-bit characters which are equivalent to some 7-bit ASCII character. A subsystem which is not TV oriented need not worry about the 9-bit character set; by using FI, and FS ^RCMACRO$ always without the atsign modifier, it can handle ASCII characters throughout. TECO will automatically do the conversion to and from 9-bit characters on TV's. For those who wish to handle the 9-bit character set, the definitions of all 9-bit characters are listed in the section "TECO's character sets," along with the appropriate conversions between character sets.

One may wish to have some operation (such as filing the buffer away) performed every so often while in ^R mode. See "..F" for how to do this using the "secretary macro" feature. FS ^R DISPLAY$ can be set to a macro which will be run every time ^R is about to do nontrivial redisplay.

Although ^R mode is intended for display terminals, the creation of large macro-systems intended for use with ^R mode has made it necessary for ^R to work at least marginally on printing terminals. Since the physical cursor is not suitable, the ordinary TECO cursor is used (whatever is in ..A). The buffer is displayed only when the screen is "cleared", such as by giving the built-in ^L command. Also, unless FS ^RECHO$ > 0, characters actually read by the ^R-mode command loop are typed out, although echoing is still turned off. This echoing can be made to happen even on displays by making FS ^RECHO$ negative (this is unwise to do if there is no echo area).

Setting FS ^R SCAN$ to nonzero causes ^R commands to try to imitate printing terminal line editors by echoing the characters that they insert/delete/move over. In this case, FS ^R ECHO$ should be set to 1. FS ^R MAX$ is the maximum size deletion or insertion which ^R will try to print in the fancy way. If you define FS ^R TTM1$, it gets to try to handle any redisplay ^R does not have a way of handling. See its definition. Note that ^R recognizes insertion, deletion, and cursor motion from the values returned by the user's command definitions--see the following paragraph.

Macros and ^R - reducing redisplay:

Whenever control passes from normal TECO to ^R (that is, when a ^R is executed, when a @V is executed within a ^R-mode macro, or when a ^R-mode macro returns), ^R must be able to update the screen according to the changes that have been made in the buffer since the last time ^R mode lost control. ^R can do that in a way that makes no assumptions, but that way is slow. If information is still available on what areas of the buffer were changed, that info can be passed to ^R in the form of numeric args, and ^R will save time by assuming the info to be correct. If the info is not correct, the screen will not be properly updated. The options are: no args--the usual case--means assume nothing. One arg means that the buffer has not changed, although the pointer may have moved. The actual value of the arg does not matter in this case. Two args should specify a range of the buffer outside of which nothing was changed. ^R will limit redisplay to that range if possible. ^R also knows what to do about macros that type text out; if Q..H is nonzero when ^R is entered or returned to, ^R will not do any displaying until it has read one character (and executed it, unless it is a space). If the selected buffer when you return to ^R is not the same one that was selected when ^R was previously in control, then it doesn't matter what args you give.

If you like ^R mode, try:

                :I..G EL 90^S ^R$ :I..B Q..H"N 90^S ' ^R$

The commands are:

Control-Minus	negates the argument of the next command.
Control-digits	accumulate a numeric argument for the next command. Thus, control-5 ^N will move down five lines.
^A	go to beginning of current line (0L). With argument, <arg>-1L.
^B	go back over previous character (R)
^C	complements the state of the comment mode switch. Types "C" for comment or "T" for text at the bottom of the screen, to say what mode you're in. When in comment mode, the ^N and ^P commands begin by going to the end of the line and if the last character is a semicolon, deleting it and any preceding tabs. Then, after moving to the next or previous line, if the line has a semicolon in it the pointer will be left after the semicolon; otherwise the pointer will move to the end of line, and enough tabs will be inserted to move the pointer at least to the specified comment column, followed by a semicolon. Numeric argument is ignored.
^D	deletes the next character after . (D) If FS RUBCRLF$ is nonzero, ^D before CRLF deletes both the CR and the LF.
^E	moves to end of line (:L). With argument, <arg>:L.
^F	goes forward over the next character (C)
^G	flushes any numeric argument or case-shift, unsets the mark if it had been set, and resets the case-lock. When ^R is actually in control (as opposed to a macro running inside ^R), ^G's quitting action is suppressed, and ^G acts as a command instead. Thus, it does not flush any type-in.
^H	(backspace) inserts itself.
^J	(linefeed) inserts itself.
^K	kills to eol (K). With arg, <arg>K. The text deleted is put in q-reg ..K.
^L	redisplays the screen (used to recover from datapoint lossage). Chooses a new window. A numeric argument specifies the number of lines of buffer to display--useful on printing terminals. On displays, if only a part of the screen is being used at the moment, only that part is cleared.
^M	inserts a carrage return-line feed.
^N	goes to next line (L). With argument, <arg>L.
^O	inserts a CRLF, then backs over it. "^Ofoo" is equivalent to "foo^M" but often requires less redisplay. With argument, inserts <arg> CRLFs and backs over the last. If you want to insert several lines in the middle of a page, try doing ^U^U^O before and ^U^U^K afterward.
^P	goes to previous line (-L). More generally, -<arg>L.
^Q	inserts the following character directly, regardless of its meaning as a command. If the char isn't already in the input buffer, ^Q will prompt with a "Q" at the bottom of the screen. An argument to ^Q causes it to insert the same character <arg> times. ^Q is not affected by replace mode; the quoted character is always inserted.
^R	causes the column the pointer is at to become the comment column. Argument is ignored.
^S	reads a character and searches for it. "^SA" in ^R mode is like "SA$" in TECO.
^T	sets the ^R-mode mark at the current pointer position. The mark is really the value of FS ^RMARK$ and is used by the ^X and ^W commands in ^R mode. If FS ^R MARK$ holds -1 there is no mark; that is the case initially and after any insertion, deletion or quit in ^R mode. Attempting to use the mark when there is none rings the bell.
^U	increments the exponent-of-4 for the next command. This usually is the same as repeating it 4 times. Does not use any previous argument, but leaves it around for the next command.
^V	sets the basic arg for the next command. The argument is composed of digits optionally preceded by a minus sign, echoed at the bottom of the screen and turned into a number in the current radix (FS IBASE$). The first non-digit terminates the arg and is treated as a command. ^G will flush the argument.
^W	kills everything between the current pointer position and the mark, putting the deleted text in q-reg ..K. If there is no mark, nothing is deleted and the bell is rung.
^X	sets the mark at the current pointer position, and moves the pointer to where the mark had been; in other words, exchanges the mark and the pointer. Does nothing if there is no mark. Do this several times to see both ends of the range that a ^W command would delete.
^[	(altmode, $) terminates edit
^]	reads a q-reg name and executes that q-reg as a macro. The q-reg should contain ordinary TECO commands, not ^R mode commands. The numeric arg to the ^] will be given to the macro which will see it as the value of ^Y (If no argument is specified, ^Y will be 1, but F^X will indicate that the macro had no argument). The macro may return values to ^R telling it which areas of the buffer may need redisplay (see below). If the macro is to return values, it should end with a space--otherwise, the values might get lost within TECO. Example:         ".,( G..K .) " gets q-reg ..K and returns 2 values limiting the range of the buffer in which changes took place.
^?	(rubout) deletes backwards (-D). If FS RUBCRLF$ is nonzero, rubout when the pointer is after a CRLF deletes the whole CRLF.
ctl-rubout	deletes backwards like rubout, except that tabs are converted to spaces and the spaces are deleted one at a time.

in a search string is a special character which should be followed by a Lisp-syntax value and matches any character whose Lisp syntax in Q..D matches the specifed syntax value. For example, ^S( matches any character whose Lisp syntax is "(".

if <n> is positive, sleep for <n> 30ths of a second. If <n> is negative, sleep until system run time (what FS UPTIME$ gets) = -<n>.

sleep for at most <n> 30ths of a second, returning immediately if there is any input available. Returns the value of FS LISTEN$ (nonzero if input is available).

display in the user-specified manner the directory of the current default device. That is, invoke the user's buffer display macro if any; otherwise on display consoles display in the standard manner, but do nothing on printing terminals. These are the same actions TECO always takes at the end of any command string whose last command was an E-command.

Note: if ^U is typed as the first character of a command string, it is executed immediately when read.

pops the "ring buffer of the pointer". ^V when the first character of a command string acts immediately, resetting the pointer to the value it had before the last time it was moved. Successive ^V's will undo earlier changes of the pointer. Up to 8 changes are remembered to be undone. Motion caused by the use of ^V in this manner does not get saved to be undone. ^V not the first character typed is slightly different. It pops the ring buffer into the pointer, and returns as its value the number that then remains on the top. If that returned value is put in Q..I (which is what gets pushed on the ring buffer at the end of the command string) you can fool TECO's top level into thinking that the pointer was not moved by the command string that just finished, so nothing will get pushed back on the ring buffer (this is exactly what ^V as the first character typed does). If TECO's top level is not in use, the program that is running must be hacked up to push explicitly on the ring buffer (using <n>^V) in order for anything to appear on it. If ^V attempts to jump out of the buffer, the pointer is not moved, but the ring buffer is popped. A "NIB" error happens.

returns the value on the top of the ring buffer, without popping it or changing the pointer.

is equivalent to <n>FS PUSHPT$. It pushes <n> onto the ring buffer unless <n> equals whatever is at the top of the ring buffer.

pushes <n> onto the ring buffer unconditionally.

pops all the way to top level, exiting from any break-loops and not running the user defined error handler in ..P.

Only defined inside macro. Its value is the first arg of the M command which called the macro. See the F^X command for a more sophisticated way for macros to examine their arguments. Note: ^X typed as the first character of a command tells TECO to type out the whole error message associated with the most recent error. If the flag FS VERBOSE$ is zero (normally true on printing terminals) TECO normally types only the 3-letter code. Use ^X to see the whole message if you don't recognize the code.

In search string is a special char which is matched by any character.

May be used in a file specification as the first or the second filename to stand for the default first name.

like ^X, only second or only arg of the M command. If ^Y is the first char typed in in a command string, the most recently typed command string longer than 7 characters (not counting the 2 altmodes) is inserted in the buffer. This is a loss recovery procedure.

may be used in a file specification as the first or second file name to stand for the default second name.

normally causes an interrupt to DDT when typed. However, one can be given to TECO by quoting it with ^_ , in which case it is a normal command: with no arg, its value is a pseudo-random number.

inserts <n> random letters before the pointer.

terminates following text argument to certain commands; two successive altmodes terminate a command string in the bare TECO command loop, and begin execution of the commands in the command string. Execution of an altmode as a command depends on the setting of FS NOOP ALTMODES$. If the flag is >0 (old-fashioned mode), altmode acts like the ^_ command. If the flag is negative (default mode), altmode is a no-op. If the flag is zero (losing mode), altmode is an error as a command.

exits from the innermost macro invocation, unwinding the q-register pdl to the level it had when the macro was entered, and popping all iterations that started inside that macro. Note that if Q..N is popped this way, its previous contents (before the pop) will be macroed (after the pop is done). This enables macros to arrange arbitrary actions to be performed whenever the macro is exited, no matter for what reason. See also FS BACK RETURN$.

exits from the innermost macro invocation, without unwinding the q-register pdl. It does pop iterations.

is not really a command. It is a special character that makes it possible to substitute the contents of a q-reg into the TECO command stream at any point (such as, inside an I or S command). ^] is processed when TECO reads a character from the command buffer (i.e., before anything like insertion or execution is done to the character.). It gobbles the next character and decodes it as follows:

^A	sets the one-character flag (see below) then reads another character and interprets it as if it had been typed after a ^].
^Q	gobbles another character and returns it to TECO superquoted (i.e. It will not act as a text terminator, in a search string, it will have no special effect, etc.)
^R	is the beginning of the name of a q-reg to be substituted.
^S	cause the superquote flag to be turned on (see below) then read another character as in ^A
^T	cause the delimiter flag to be turned off (see below) then read another character as in ^A
^V	followed by a q-register name, causes the char whose ASCII value is in that q-register as a number to be substituted in. That is, after ^^AU0, ^]^V0 will substitute an "A".
^X	reads a string argument to the M command that called the current macro, and substitutes it in. ^]^X pushes the current command buffer onto a special pdl, then causes the normal macro pdl to be popped one level (the macro pdl is pushed onto each time an M command is executed. It is also pushed onto by ^]<q-reg name> (see below)). TECO will then proceed normally, reading from what is essentially a string argument to the current macro, until an altmode is encountered. This altmode will not be passed to TECO, but will instead cause the command buffer to be repushed on the macro pdl and the special pdl to be popped, thus restoring the state of the world. If a real altmode is desired in a string argument, ^]$ (dollar sign) should be used. If TECO had been in any state other than reading commands (e.g., reading a string to be inserted) then the characters read in the string argument will be protected from being taken as text delimiters. Thus I^]^X$ is guaranteed not to terminate somewhere in the macro argument. If this is for some reason undesirable, a ^T (see above) should be used between the ^] and the ^X (^]^T^X). Characters are not normally protected from being interpreted specially in searches, etc. If this is desired, use ^S (eg. ER^]^S^X bar$ will cause the file <macro argument> bar to be selected for read, even if the macro argument has spaces, semicolons, etc. in it.). If the one character flag had been on only one character will be read as an argument instead of an entire string.
^Y	acts like ^]^X, but only one character is taken from the previous command level. Has the same effect as ^]^A^X. Additional ^] calls will be chained through, with the final character coming from the last command level not indirected.
^[	(altmode--usually printed "$") pass a superquoted altmode back to TECO (same as ^]^Q$ )
^]	pass an actual ^] to TECO
"	pass a superquoted doublequote back to TECO.
$	(dollarsign) pass an ordinary altmode back to TECO (see ^X above)
.	is the beginning of a q-reg name. Multi-character q-regs such as Q..A can be substituted with ^] just like single-character q-regs.
0-9	the current command stream (executing macro) is saved and TECO begins reading command characters from the contents of the specifed q-register 0-9. After all of the characters in that q-register, which must contain a string or buffer, have been read, reading of the macro which contained the ^] itself will resume. Delimiter protection and superquoting are handled as for ^]^X. For example, I^]1$ is equivalent to G1 (Note: G1 is optimized to be much faster than I^]1$), because any altmodes in the string in q-register 1 will be delimiter protected so that they do not terminate the I command. S^]1$ will search for whatever string is in Q-register 1. Altmodes in the string will not end it, but ^B, ^N, ^O, etc. will have their normal special functions. S^]^S1$ superquotes the string and makes even those characters behave like ordinary ones. The contents of the q-register are saved so that storing into the q-register while they are being read does no harm.
@	@ ("indirect") causes the characters substituted in by the ^] to be treated as if they in turn had a ^] in front of them. Thus, after :IA.B$, ^]@A will substitute q-reg .B. After :IA.Bfoo$, ^]@A will substitute the contents of .B, followed by "foo". I may change that if I can see an easy way.
A-Z	like 0-9 (insert q-reg)

(ctl caret) has the value of the 7-bit ASCII code for <char>.

(Note that in order to type this character to a program, it must be typed twice, due to ITS hackery.) Ends execution of the command string "successfully"; the TECO will log out if disowned, or return to its superior if a ^C ended the typed-in command string. Otherwise, or after TECO is $P'd, TECO will reset all stacks (if FS *RSET$ is 0), then maybe display the buffer or directory (using the user's supplied macros in Q..B and Q..G if any), and go on to read another command string. It is not wise to use this as a nonlocal exit from a macro; that is what F< is for. The main use is to restart TECO's command reading loop at the current stack levels--useful when a user-defined error handler wants to transfer to a TECO break loop. TECO's command loop puts a ^_ at the end of every command string to make sure that it gets control back when the command string terminates. Otherwise, in a break loop, control would return right back to the suspended program.

Spaces around arithmetic operators are ignored. Spaces between two values in lieu of an arithmetic operator count as a "+", except that spaces by themselves before a command that can use an argument do not count as an argument.

defines <label> for use by O command (q.v.).

This contruct is also the standard way of putting comments in TECO macros. It is ignored in execution. However, quotes and angle brackets inside the label are counted when quotes are being balanced in a conditional or angle brackets in an iteration. This is useful, because if the commands in a conditional need to have unmatched quotes you can put in matching quotes inside a label to make the whole thing balance. The same is true for unmatched brackets in an iteration. For example:

                Q1"N !"! FTYou're losing$'
or             < Q1; EDFOO <$ !>! >

starts a conditional. The character after the " gives the condition. It is followed by conditionalized commands, up to a matching '. If an else-clause is desired, the ' should be followed immediately by "#, with perhaps CRLFs, spaces, or comments (see "!") in between, followed by the contents of the else-clause, followed by another '. A conditional may return a value. The conditionalized commands must be balanced as to quotes. If some commands contain unmatched quotes, place extra quotes inside a label (see "!") to balance them out.

The argument to the conditional is normally gobbled up by the conditional, and the first conditionalized command receives no argument; see F" for a variant conditional that passes the argument along instead. FS STEPMAC$ will be processed on entry to a successful conditional.

The conditions that now exist are:

Char:	Condition succeeds if numeric arg to " is
A	the ASCII code for an alphabetic character.
B	the ASCII code for a delimiter character
C	the ASCII code for a non-delimiter character.
D	the ASCII code for a digit.
E	zero.
G	positive.
L	negative.
N	nonzero.
U	the ASCII code for an "upper-case" character (anything other than 140 through 176 octal).

Any condition can be reversed with a ":"; thus, 0:"E fails.

The delimiter characters are those characters which are specified as delimiters by the contents of q-reg ..D. Initially, q-reg ..D is set up to specify that all non-squoze characters are delimiters, but the user can change that by setting q-reg ..D. Squoze characters are letters, digits, ".", "%" and "$".

Conditionals operate by skipping the text up to the matching ' if they fail, and doing nothing if they succeed. If the ' terminating a failing conditional is followed by "#, they will be skipped as well. If the conditional succeeded, they would be executed--and "# is really a conditional that always fails.

A special kind of conditional that returns a success or failure code can be obtained by putting a ' after the ", as in "'E. This kind of conditional does not skip any code. Instead, it just returns -1 for "success" and 0 for "failure". Such conditionals are useful because it is easy to AND or OR them together and then test the result. For example, an expression whose value is the signum of the number in q-reg 0 is: Q0"'L-(Q0"'G)

exclusive or (an arithmetic operator).

(dollar sign) the old lower-case edit mode:

"-1$"	is the same as	"-1F$/$" (first dollar, then altmode).
"0$"	is the same as	"0F$$" (first dollar, then altmode).
"1$"	is the same as	"1F$$".

For more info, see the "F$" command (that's dollarsign, not altmode).

increments the number in q-reg <q> by 1, and returns the result as a numeric value. Meaningless if the q-reg contains text.

logical and (an arithmetic operator)

terminates a conditional (see "). This character is actually a no-op when executed. It is for the " to search for if the condition fails.

fill usual role of parentheses in arithmetic calculations. However, they are more general in that not merely arithmetic operations but arbitrary commands can be enclosed within them. The value within the parentheses is simply the value returned by the last command before the close. If the open was preceded by an arithmetic operator, arithmetic is immediately done on that value. Otherwise, the close merges the values from inside the parentheses with the values saved by the open. Thus, 1,(2) and 2(1,) are both equivalent to 1,2. The colon and atsign modifier flags are also merged in that the open saves them and clears them, and the close restores and merges them: they will be on after the close if either they were on before the close or they were on after the open.

Parentheses can also be used where a q-register name is called for; the value returned by the last command before the close is used as the "contents" of the q-register. This construct is allowed only with commands that only examine the q-register, not with commands that store into it (since there is no place to store into). See the Q command for this. See also F( and F) for variants of these commands.

multiplication (an arithmetic operator). Note that in TECO there is no operator precedence. Evaluation of arithmetic operators is left-to-right.

addition (an arithmetic operator).

separates arguments for commands taking two numeric arguments. Doesn't affect the colon and atsign flags.

subtraction (an arithmetic operator).

equals the number of chars to left of the pointer.

"^P" sort puts its 3 arguments into these q-regs. These q-regs are also used by "F^A".

holds the string to be used to represent the cursor in standard buffer display. Initially "/\" on displays, "^A^B" on Imlacs (looks like an I-beam), and "-!-" on printing terminals (of course, TECO's default is not to display the buffer on printing terminals unless FS TTMODE$ is set). In the cursor, backspaces always really backspace and all other control characters are treated as non-spacing characters.

holds the user buffer display macro. After each command string whose last command was not an E-command, TECO does "normal buffer display", as follows:

If ..B is 0, as it initially is, the default is: on graphics devices, do "standard buffer display"; on printing terminals, do so only if FS TTMODE$ is set; otherwise do nothing. For details of standard buffer display, see "@V".

If q-reg ..B is nonzero, TECO simply macroes it. Normal buffer display in this case consists of whatever that macro happens to do.

Q-reg ..H and flags FS ERRFLG$ and FS ERROR$ will contain information about the command string that just ended. If either Q..H or FS ERRFLG$ is nonzero, there is text on the screen that should not be immediately covered over. The buffer display macro should check ..H and not display if it is nonzero. FS ERRFLG$ need not be checked, since if -1, it will automatically cause all typeout on the first line of the screen to be ignored on displays. This is the right thing if the buffer display macro doesn't wish to worry about errors. If it is desirable to write on the first line and overwrite the error message, just zero FS ERRFLG$.

holds the delimiter dispatch table, which tells several commands how to treat each of the 128 ASCII characters. These commands are FW, FL, "B, "C and the special search character ^B. The treatment of the character with ASCII code <n> is determined by the values of the characters in positions 5*<n>+1 and 5*<n>+2 in the delimiter dispatch table.

The first of the dispatch characters says whether the character <n> is a delimiter. The dispatch character should be " " for a delimiter and "A" otherwise. This dispatch character is used by FW, "B, "C and ^B.

The second dispatch character describes the character's syntax in LISP. The possibilities are "(", ")", "/", "'" "|", " ", "+" and "A". Each says that the character <n> should be treated by FL and @FW as if it were an open, a close, a slash, etc. "+" is treated the same as "A" by the FL command. The distinction between "A" and "+" is there to be used by certain TECO programs.

Initially, the first dispatch character is "A" for squoze characters (letters, digits, "$", "%" and "."), and " " for all others. The second dispatch character is set up to reflect the default LISP syntax definitions as closely as possible.

The delimiter dispatch must be at least 640 characters long so that every character has a dispatch entry. ..D should always contain a buffer or a string; if it holds a number an error will result.

holds the output radix for = and \. Initially decimal. Negative radices work--somewhat. If the radix is 0 or 1, the next attempt to use it will change it to decimal and also cause an error "..E".

holds the ^R secretary macro. If nonzero, it will be macroed every (FS^RMDLY$) characters while ^R mode is in use. More precisely, the counter FS ^RMCNT$ is decremented each time through ^R's main loop, and if it becomes 0, it is reset from FS ^RMDLY$ and ..F is macroed. ..F is also macroed whenever the outermost level of ^R mode is exited (but not when inner recursive invocations of ^R are exited). When ..F is macroed because ^R is being exited, the FS ^RMODE$ flag will be 0; otherwise it will be nonzero. If you are using ..F to save the buffer in a file, then when you temporarily bind the buffer or put strange crud in it, you should also bind ..F to 0 to prevent the buffer from being saved while it is meaningless. Do not bind FS ^R MDLY$, though; then, if the time to run ..F comes up while in this state, TECO will make sure to run it as soon as it becomes nonzero again.

holds the user-specified directory-display macro. Whenever TECO wants to display the directory in the usual manner (that is, when ^U or E^U is executed or at the end of a command string whose last command was an E-command), if this q-reg isn't zero TECO will simply macro it (otherwise, TECO has defaults--see "^U"). When that is done, q-reg ..H will contain useful info.

is the "suppress display" flag. It is set to zero at the start of each command string, whenever the screen is cleared. It is set nonzero when any typeout or display takes place, except for error message typeout. TECO's default is not to display the buffer if this q-reg is nonzero at the end of the command string. User buffer and dir display macros should also look at this flag. If ..H is nonzero on entering or returning to ^R, ^R will wait until a character is typed in (and executed, unless it is a space) before allowing any redisplay.

at the start of each command string, .'s value is saved in this q-reg. At the end of each command string, Q..IFS PUSHPT$ is done. Those actions are what enable the ^V command to work.

initially 0, if this q-reg contains a string that string will appear on the screen just above the echo area, on the same line that --MORE-- sometimes appears on. The --MORE-- will still appear, following the ..J string, if it is appropriate. The displayed string is not updated immediately when ..J is changed, but rather at the next opportunity for redisplay of the buffer or the next time typeout reaches the bottom of the screen. It is possible to put a buffer in ..J but that has the problem that TECO will not always be able to detect it when the buffer's contents change, and thus will not be able to update the screen when it should. If the string in ..J is too long, it is truncated to make sure that the --nn%-- or --MORE-- can fit. If recomputing ..J when you want it to change is too inconvenient, you can arrange for ..J to be recomputed when it is about to be displayed. See FS MODE CHANGE$.

each ^K or ^W command in ^R mode puts the deleted text in this q-reg so it can be reinserted if desired.

whenever TECO is started, this q-reg is executed. Also, after an EJ, the macro loaded into ..L is run. When a TECO dump file is made with @EJ, ..L should contain a macro to do whatever must be done when the file is loaded back in. However, since that macro would be re-executed if TECO were $G'd afterward, it should replace itself with something innocuous that just resets the terminal-related flags.

If a ..L macro can exit, it should do so with a ^_ to start up the TECO command reading loop. A CNM error will occur if the ..L macro tries to return any other way. ..L should no longer be used for resetting terminal-type-dependent options. Use FS TTY MACRO$ for that.

This q-reg is special in that whenever it is popped by automatic unwinding of the q-register pdl, the previous contents are macroed after the pop. Thus, it is possible for a macro to set up an action that will be performed when the macro is exited, no matter what causes it to be exited, by pushing Q..N and putting the commands for that action in Q..N. For example,

                [0 .U0 [..N :I..N Q0J $

saves . in such a way that it will always be restored. That string, unfortunately, has a timing error in that a ^G-quit after the [..N will find an inconsistent state. The remedy is to use the FN command which is the same as "[..N:I..N":

                [0 .U0 FN Q0J$

Within a macro that has already set Q..N up in this way, the easiest way to add another action to be performed is to append to ..N using :I..N^]^S..N<new-stuff>$. Note that popping Q..N explicitly with ]..N does not macro it. If you wish explicitly to pop ..N and macro the old value, the way to do it is "-FS QPUN$". "M..N]..N" has the disadvantage that when ..N is executed it is still on the q-reg pdl; that may make it execute improperly and also is a timing error.

this q-reg is defined to hold the current buffer. That is, all the commands that use "the buffer" use whatever buffer happens to be in Q..O at the time. An attempt to put a string or number in Q..O causes an error.

holds the user-defined error-handler macro, if any. Whenever an error occurs that is not caught by an errset, this macro will be invoked. If it is 0, TECO will instead print out the error message and set up for "?" in the normal manner. The executing command string will have been pushed on the macro pdl, so FS BACKTRACE$ can be used to examine it. Also, the arguments will have been saved with "(" so that they can be examined with ")F(=". FS ERROR$ will contain the error code for use with FE or FG in obtaining the error message. Note that the error handler is invoked for quits and when TECO is restarted, as well as after errors; at those other times FS ERROR$ will be zero. If the error handler prints an error message in the main program area of the screen, it may wish to allow buffer display to occur as usual but prevent the error message from being overwritten by it. Setting Q..H to zero permits buffer display, and setting FS ERRFLG$ to minus the number of lines of error message preserves them. The FG command takes care of this automatically.

The error handler can return to the erring program with ")^\" or "F)^\" (return whatever you like, but make sure to close the parentheses somehow). However, do not expect the command that signalled the error to be retried.

To abort the entire computation which got the error, the correct thing to do is FS ERR THROW$. This will return to the innermost error catch (:@< ...>) or ^R level. If there is none of those, it will return to the top level of TECO. You may also use F; to return to a catch that was made at a higher level, or use ^W to pop out to TECO's top level loop.

To make a break loop, just do a ^_ which will transfer to TECO's command string reader.

If an error happens while the error handler is being entered, in order to prevent an infinite error loop TECO does an automatic ^W command to pop all stacks and prints "error entering error handler". Stack overflow for any reason is likely to cause this since the error handler requires stack. Any error in the error handler is likely to cause a series of recursive errors, fill the stack, and cause this response.

holds a q-vector which serves as the symbol table for TECO variables, such as Q$Foo$ accesses. The symbol table is in the format that FO likes. Initially, the q-vector in ..Q has only one element, which contains 2, the default number of words per symbol table entry. See FO and Q for more details.

initially holds the same thing as ..O (the initial buffer), on the assumption that your main editing will be done in it, so that if you accidentally leave something else in ..O you can do Q..ZU..O to recover and not lose all your work.

division (an arithmetic operator).

a string of digits is a command whose value is a number. If it is not followed by a ".", the normal input radix (the value of FS IBASE$, initially 8+2) is used. If the number ends with ".", the radix used is the value of FS I.BASE$, initially 8. An attempt to type in a number too large for a 36-bit word to hold will cause a "#OV" error, unless the radix is a power of 2.

used before certain commands, modifies function of that command in a way described separately for each such command. Arithmetic operators and comma do not affect the colon flag. Parens save it just like arguments, and don't deliver it to the commands inside the parens. Commands that don't return values always turn it off; commands that do, either ignore it or use it and turn it off.

does nothing if arg<0. Otherwise sends command execution to char after next > (see < description). If no arg, uses value returned by last search (see S) as arg.

like ;, but with the opposite condition: end iteration if arg is <0, or last search succeeded.

like ;, but exit iteration if arg is EQUAL to zero.

like ;, but exit iteration if arg is NOT EQUAL to zero.

begin iteration. Commands from here to the matching > are executed over and over, until a ; command decides to exit the iteration. It does so by scanning forward, counting <'s and >'s seen, until an unmatched (since the ;) > is passed. Because of the way ; works, commands inside iterations following a ; must be balanced as to angle brackets. If a command contains an unmatched bracket, you can use an opposite bracket inside a label to balance it out. Within the iteration, the sequence !<!> can be used to mean "jump to the beginning of the iteration." The !<! is needed to avoid confusing any ; commands earlier in the iteration. It is an error if the iteration remains unterminated at the end of the macro level it began on. Within iterations, failing searches do not cause errors, unless FS S ERROR$ is nonzero (as it is in EMACS) to disable this "feature".

iterates <n> times (or until a ; command exits). The !<!> construct must not be used in such an iteration since, if the count has run out, it will not do its job. Use !<!@> if you want to jump to the beginning without decrementing the count.

ignores <m>.

begin errset. This is like < except that errors occurring inside it are caught and will return after the >. TECO will not print any error message nor run the error handler in ..P. Instead, the error message string will be returned as the value of the ">" which ends the errset. If the errset returns normally (no error) the value is 0. The canonical application for errset is 1:< EDFOO BAR$ > which deletes FOO BAR if it exists but avoids any problem if the file does not exist.

TECO's built-in error messages all start with a 3-letter code that says what kind of error it is; use a F~ to compare the error message string against a specific prefix.

Note also that :< iterates like <. Perhaps you want "1:<"? Errsets do not prevent failing searches from erroring (luckily), and prevent any iterations outside them from doing so. An iteration inside an errset will still prevent searches from erroring inside it despite the errset. Of course, to really win, you should set FS S ERROR$. An errset has no power through a call to ^R or through an error catch (:@<). The innermost errset, ^R, or error catch is what determines how an error will be processed.

begin error catch. An error catch specifies a place for control to return to after an error has been processed (error message printed or error handler in ..P run). It differs from an errset (:< with no @) in that the errset grabs control without letting the error message be printed. The canonical application for an error catch is in a command loop which allows the user to give many different commands. An error in one of the commands should be reported as usual, but the error should not cause the command loop to be exited. Every call to ^R implicitly contains an error catch. Note that :@< iterates just like <. If you want it to execute only once, do 1:@<. The command FS ERR THROW$ is a way to return control to the innermost error catch (where ^R levels count as error catches). The value returned by the error catch will be 0 if it was exited normally, by falling through the end. If FS ERR THROW$ was used to exit, then the value will be the argument given to FS ERR THROW$.

is for printing numbers:

types out <n> in the current output radix, and a CRLF. The output radix is kept in q-reg ..E . It is initially 8+2.

types both <m> and <n>, with a comma between.

is like = but omits the CRLF.

is like = but types in the echo area. @:= also works.

end of iteration, errset or catch (see "<", ":<", "F<").

end of iteration, etc., except that the iteration count is not decremented. !<!@> is a good way to jump back to the beginning of the iteration without decrementing the count.

if this is the first char input after typeout of an error message from TECO several command chars before the one causing the error will be typed. Otherwise, enter trace mode, or, if in trace mode already, leave trace mode. When in trace mode all command chars are typed out as they are executed. Trace typeout never uses the first line so that error messages won't wipe it out. The flag FS TRACE$ is nonzero when in trace mode.

leaves trace mode whether in it or not.

is a modifier command which alters the action of the following command (except for a few commands which ignore it and pass it on to the next command). Many commands which take string arguments interpret the @ modifier to mean that the first character after the command should be used as the string delimiter, instead of Altmode. But not all string argument commands do this, so you must check the individual command. The older form of the @ command is the ^ command, so most old TECO programs will contain ^ instead of @. ^ was changed to @ because it could be confused with control characters.

if no arg, append next page of input file to current contents of buffer, i.e., like "Y" only don't empty buffer first. If virtual buffer boundaries are in use, the appended text goes just below the upper virtual boundary. Does not close the input file.

appends <n> lines of the file (but won't append beyond page boundary). Uses the same conventions for throwing away padding as "Y" does. Does not close the input file.

appends all the rest of the file. A cross between "A" and "@Y". Closes the input file.

value is the 7-bit ASCII value of char arg chars to the right of the pointer. Note that "0A" is the character immediately to the left of the pointer and "-<n>A" is the character <n>+1 characters left of the pointer. If .+<n>-1 is not within the bounds (real or virtual) of the buffer, a "NIB" error occurs.

is like <n>A except that when <n>A would cause a "NIB" error, <m>,<n>A will return <m>. Thus, 13,1A will return 13 iff the pointer is either at the end of the buffer or before a carriage return.

normally 0. Actually, the number of the first character within the virtual buffer boundaries--but that will be the first char in the buffer (char number 0) unless you have used FS BOUND$ or FS V B$ to change that.

moves in the buffer relative to pointer:

move pointer <n> chars to the right (1 char, if no arg). If that's out of the buffer, a "NIB" error results.

like C, but returns -1 ordinarily, or 0 if C without colon would cause an error. :C is to C as :S is to S.

delete arg chars to right of pointer. If arg<0, delete to left of pointer.

is the prefix for most operations on files.

displays in the usual manner the directory of the device specified in the string argument, or the default device. More precisely, reads the string arg and sets defaults, then does "^U".

tries to open <file>, and returns 0 if successful. Otherwise, the value is the system error code which describes why the file cannot be opened. In any case, the file does not stay open, and the open input file if any is not interfered with. The file's reference date is not set. If the device is USR:, the job will not be created if it does not exist.

makes a copy of the file <old> and names it <new>. I/O is done in ASCII block mode. The currently open input and output files are not affected. :E_ is similar but transfers the date of the input file to the output file. @E_ puts the real filenames of the input file into the defaults before reading the output file name, making it easy to preserve the version number.

close the input file, if any. This should always be done whenever an input file is no longer needed; otherwise, one of the system's disk channels will be tied up. @Y, EE and EX automatically do an EC. All other input operations always leave the input file open.

deletes <file>.

deletes the currently open input file.

on Twenex, deletes and expunges <file>. On ITS, same as plain ED.

like infinity P commands then EF<file>$ and EC.

files output accumulated by PW and P commands with the name <file>. <file> may not contain a device or SNAME; they must have been specified when the file was opened (with EI or EW) and may not be changed.

files the output without renaming the output file.

is a semi-obsolete command for getting random info. It inserts in buffer on successive lines

the current date (as YYMMDD),
the current time (as HHMMSS),
TECO's current sname,
TECO's default filenames for E-commands,
the real names of the file open for input
the date in text form,
a 3-digit value as follows:
	1st digit = day of week today (0 = Sunday)
	2nd digit = day of week of 1st day of year
	3rd digit should be understood as binary:
		4-bit = normal year, and after 2/28
		2-bit = leap year
		1-bit = daylight savings time in effect.
	(this line is blank on Twenex)
and the phase of the moon.

There are better ways to get most of these things: FS FD CONV$, FS D FILE$, FS D SNAME$, FS I FILE$.

opens a file for writing on the default device. The filenames used will be "_TECO_ OUTPUT". When the output file is closed, it will normally be renamed to whatever names are specified. However, if the TECO is killed, or another output file is opened, anything written will be on disk under the name "_TECO_ OUTPUT_"

like EI, but uses the current filename defaults instead of "_TECO_ OUTPUT". This is useful for opening on devics which do not support rename-while-open fully, such as the core link. Use :EF to close the file without renaming it.

like EI, but opens an old file in rewrite mode if there is one, rather than creating a new file in all cases. Together with FS OFACCESS$ and FS OFLENGTH$ this can be used to update an existing file in arbitrary ways. However, what you really want to use is:

like @EI but uses the default filenames rather than "_TECO_ OUTPUT".

restores the complete environment (q-reg values, buffer contents, flag settings, etc) from the specified file, which should be in the format produced by @EJ. This restores all q-regs, buffers, and flags to what they were when the file was dumped. Exception: pure (:EJ) space is not changed, nor is FS :EJPAGE$. After loading, TECO restarts itself, which implies that if a nonzero value was loaded into Q..L, it will be macroed. This is intended to be used in init files, for loading up complicated macro packages which would take a long time to load from source files. If the file isn't a dump file, or was dumped in a different TECO version, an "AOR" error occurs.

dump all variable areas of TECO on the file open for writing (it must already be open), and file it under the specified filenames. One should not write anything in the file before doing "@EJ". Files written with @EJ can be loaded into a TECO with the EJ command, or they can be run as programs directly, in which case they will bootstrap in all the constant parts of TECO from the canonical place: .TECO.;TECPUR <TECO version>. They also contain indirect symbol table pointers to that file, so that attempting to load the symbols of an @EJ'd file will load TECO's symbols. If you @EJ a file TS FOO on your home directory, then FOO^K will always get you that environment.

inserts the specified file into core, shareable and read-only, and returns a string pointer to the beginning of it. :EJ assumes that FS :EJPAGE$ points to the lowest page used by :EJ's, and inserts the file below that page (updating the flag appropriately). Memory is used starting from the top of core and working down to page 340. See the sections "buffers - internal format" and "buffer and string pointers - internal format" for information on what can go in the file.

An ordinary ASCII text file is not suitable for :EJ'ing. A file to be :EJ'ed must, first of all, be a single string whose length (including its header) must be a multiple of 5120 (1K words of characters). Within that string live the other strings or whatever that are the data in the file. Their format is unrestricted except that the first thing in the file (starting after the header for the file as a whole) should be a string which is the file's "loader macro" which must know how to return the data in the file when asked for it. The loader macro should expect to be called with the name of the desired data (as a string) as the first argument (^X), and a pointer to the whole file (as a string) as the second argument (^Y). The reason for passing it the pointer to the file is so that the loader itself can be pure (independent of the particular file containing it). The pointer to the file, plus 4, gives a pointer to the loader itself, if the loader wishes to examine its body. The loader macro should return as its value the string which is the value associated with the specified name. If the name is undefined in the current file, the loader should pass the request on to the loader in the next file. The next file can be assumed to start right after the end of the current one, so that ^Y+FQ(^Y)+4 is a pointer to it. If there is another file, FQ of that will be positive; otherwise (this is the last file in memory) FQ of that will be -1. If there are no more files, the loader should return 0. The goal is that several files with different loader macros should be :EJ'able in any order, and yet allow things to be loaded out of any of them at any time.

display in the standard manner the directory of the default device. This command does not use the user's buffer display macro; in fact, the buffer display macro might well use this command.

insert in buffer file directory of the default device. On Twenex, any pre-comma arg specifies don't include author name, and a post-comma arg is passed to the JFNS call.

renames the file <old> to have the name <new>. The device and SNAME may not be changed; they should not be specified in <new>.

does ER<file>$, then bigprints file name twice on device(s) open for writing.

creates a link named <from> pointing to the file <to>. devices COM:, TPL: and SYS: are understood. (ITS only) An attempt to link to a non-disk device is an error.

opens <file> for input. The "Y", "A" and "FY" commands in various forms may be used to read from the file. As soon as the file is no longer needed (eg, if all of it has been read), an "EC" should be done to close the input channel. "@Y" and "EE" do an automatic "EC". FS IF ACCESS$, FS IF LENGTH$, and FS IF CDATE$ make it possible to get or set various parameters of the file.

is similar but specifies open-mode <n> (actually, <n> IOR 2). <n> should be even!! <n>=4 specifies image mode, which makes a difference for file directories. This is only meaningful on ITS.

bits in <n> are interpreted as follows: 1: opens an input file and does not change its reference date. This is defined to work on all operating systems. 2: opens an input file in "thawed" mode. This is probably only useful on Tenex, where it allows multiple readers of the file. 4: (Twenex only) does not open the file at all, just does a GTJFN. FS IF CDATE$, FS IF NAME$, and FS IF FDB$ can still be used, though.

sets the default filenames to <file>.

(Twenex only) does a GTJFN reading from the terminal, to provide filename completion, etc. The numeric argument is the left-hand flags for the GTJFN. The flag FS :ET MODE$ controls which filenames' default values are provided for the GTJFN. The pre-comma argument is the prompt string; on Tops-20 this is used for setting up a call to the COMND JSYS. On Tenex, it is simply typed out in the echo area; so this is the correct way to prompt when reading a filename.

like EI but device specified by following text string rather than by a numeric arg.

like EW, but uses the specified filenames instead of "_TECO_ OUTPUT". This is useful for opening on devics which do not support rename-while-open fully, such as the core link.

like EW, but opens an old file in rewrite mode if the file exists, rather than creating a new file in all cases. Together with FS OF ACCESS$ and FS OF LENGTH$, this can be used to update an existing file in arbitrary ways. However, what you really want to use is:

like @EW but allows filenames to be specified rather than using "_TECO_ OUTPUT".

(Twenex only) if a file is open for output, does EE<file>$, then instructs the EXEC to repeat the last CCL type command (load, execute, compile, debug).

like EL but specified device and SNAME. On Twenex, the entire string, if provided, is used, including wildcards, for the GTJFN. Also, on Twenex, a numeric argument specifies the JFNS format.

like EM but etc.

push the input channel, if any. Saves the current input file and position in it, or saves the fact that no file is open. Useful for reading in a file without clobbering any partially read input file. Note: for this and the next three commands ("E]", "E\", "E^"), the file open for input must be randomly accessible (=DSK). The one open for output need not be. FS PAGENUM$ and FS LASTPAGE$ are saved by E[ and restored by E].

pop the input channel. If any input file was open, the rest of it is flushed. Further input will come from the file that was popped. (see "E[".)

push output channel. (see "E[".)

pop output channel. If an output file is open, it is closed without being renamed, so it is probably filed as "_TECO_ OUTPUT". (see "E[".)

further decoded by the next character as follows:

returns 2 values, which are <m> and <n> in numerical order. Thus, "1,2F^@" and "2,1F^@" both return 1,2. "<m>,<n>F^@T" is the same as "<m>,<n>T" except that the former will never cause a "2<1" error.

returns, in numerical order, 2 args that delimit a range of the buffer extending <n> lines from the pointer. Thus, "<n>F^@T" is the same as "<n>T".

is like <n>F^@ but treats in CRLFs, not just CRs.

this command scans the range of the buffer from <m> to <n> using the dispatch table in q-register <q>. That is, each character found in the buffer during the scan will be looked up in the dispatch table and the specified actions will be performed. The dispatch table should be a string or buffer with at least 128*5 characters in it--5 for each ASCII character. Each character seen has its ASCII code multiplied by 5 to index into the table, and the 5 chars found there are executed as TECO commands. When that is done, the char that was found in the buffer is in Q..0 as a number, point is after the character if forward, before if backward, Q..3 holds the dispatch table that was in use (so that the dispatch commands can change it if they wish) and Q..2 holds the end of the range to be scanned. For forward scans, it is in the form of the distance between the end of the range and Z; for backward scans, it is the distance between the end of the range and B. Thus, deleting or inserting characters never requires changing Q..2. The use for changing Q..2 is moving the end of the range--for example, stopping the scan early (do ZU..2). Nothing forbids the macro to change point--that is a fine way to skip over characters that are "quoted" by others.

For efficiency, if the first of the 5 chars in the dispatch table is a space, the 5 are not macroed. Instead, the second character, minus 64, is added into Q..1, and the third is specially decoded. " " means no action; this feature makes to easy to skip over most chars, keeping track of horizontal position. Other permissible third characters are "(" and ")". Their use is in counting parens or brackets. "(" means that if the scan is backwards and Q..1 is positive, the scan should terminate. ")" means that if the scan is forward and Q..1 is negative, the scan should terminate. If an open-paren-like character is given the dispatch " A( " and the close is given " _) ", the same dispatch table may be used to find the end of a balanced string going either forward or backward. "F^A" may be given 0 or 1 arg--it turns them into 2 the way "K", "T", etc. do.

the atsign modifier causes the scan to go backwards.

scans like F^A but expects its dispatch table to be a q-vector containing string pointers. As with ordinary F^A, to each ASCII character there corresponds a word of the dispatch table, but this word should normally contain a pointer to a string to be executed when the character is seen. Thus, you can macro strings longer than 5 characters without having to use up lots of q-registers to hold them. Alternatively, the dispatch table word may contain five characters starting with a space, which are interpreted as in an ordinary F^A. Thus, simple characters that need only to be skipped over are no slower than in an ordinary F^A. The use of q-registers ..0, ..1, ..2 and ..3 is just like that in ordinary F^A.

searches for the character <ch> in <string>. <ch> should be the ASCII code for a character. If that character does not occur in <string>, -1 will be returned. If the char does occur, the value will be the position of its first occurrence (eg., 0 if it is the first char).

is like <ch>F^B but searches starting at position <pos> in the string. If no occurrence is found past there, the value is -1.

searches the buffer from point forward for a character NOT belonging to <string>, and then returns .,<address of that character>. If such a character is not found, .,Z is returned.

searches the buffer backwards from point for a character NOT belonging to <string>, and then returns <address of that character>,<point>. If no such character is found, B,. is returned.

searches the buffer from <x> to <y> (which can be either forward or backward) for a character NOT belonging to <string>, and then returns .,<address of character> or <address of character>,., whichever puts the smaller value first.

is like @F^B with no colon except that it searches for a character which IS a member of <string>. It takes the same sorts of arguments that non-colon @F^B takes, and returns the same sorts of values.

replace <string> into the buffer at point. Replacing means inserting, and deleting an equal number of characters so that the size of the buffer does not change. The advantage of this command over "I<string>$ FKD" is that the gap need not be moved.

replaces <string> in at <n>. Point does not move. Like ".( <n>J F^E<string>$ )J".

replaces <string> into the string or buffer in q-reg <q> starting at the <n>'th character. This is the only way that the actual contents of a string can be altered, although other commands copy pointers to strings, or create new ones. If this command is done, it may be necessary to sweep the jump cache (see "F?") if the string being altered might be a macro that might contain "O" commands.

parses LISP s-expression from the starting value of point to address <e>, assuming that the state at the starting point is <s>, and returns the state at the ending point, leaving point there.

A "state" includes all the essential information about the surroundings of a given spot in a LISP expression. Its right half is the depth in parentheses. Its left half is made up of several bits:

100,,	=>	this spot is inside a comment.
4,,	=>	this spot is between vertical bars.
2,,	=>	the preceding character is an atom constituent or slash, or is slashified, and we're not in a comment.
1,,	=>	the following character is slashified.

Usually it is fine just to use zero for all the bits. Using a negative number as an initial state specifies a negative paren depth and makes all the bits zero.

Several Q-registers are set up on return: Q..0 receives the address of the last comment-start or vertical-bar open encountered. It is useful when you find that the ending point is inside one or the other. Q..1 receives the address of the last unmatched "(", or -1 if there was none encountered. Q..2 receives the address of the start of the last complete s-expression (ie, its termination was passed), or -1 if no s-expression begun has terminated.

Scanning stops either at address <e>, or when the parenthesis depth becomes zero. Aside from this termination condition, the depth is used only as a relative quantity, so you can choose the initial depth to obtain the desired termination condition, or make it far away from zero to disable the feature.

To use F^F to move forward, choose an initial parenthesis depth that will make it stop at the appropriate place. To use F^F to move backward, go to the beginning of a top-level s-expression, or the beginning of the buffer, and scan forward to the point you are trying to move from. The value in Q..1 or Q..2 will tell you where to move to. To determine whether a line has a comment on it, scan from such a known point to the end of that line (before the CRLF). When the F^F returns, it will tell you whether that point is inside a comment. If it is, Q..0 will address the semicolon.

is like F^F, except that it stos scanning if it passes the start of an atom. It also stops when plain F^F stops. It is useful for such things as making sure that an F^F doesn't run away from you because there was a very long s-expression where you expected an atom.

Performs a local variable value swap on an EMACS-format buffer table <q>. <m> should be the index in <q> (in words) of the entry whose local variable values are to be swapped. <n> is the offset within the entry of the first local variable. The number of local variables is determined from the length of the entry, which is the first word of the entry. Each local variable is described by two words: the first is the name; the second, the swapped-out value (the global one, for the selected buffer; the local one, for other buffers). The name of a local variable is either a string, for a Q$FOO$-type variable, or the :FSQPHOME$ of a short-name q-register or ^R-mode character definition or FS flag.

Each swapped-out value is exhanged with the value cell of the variable, found by looking the name up in q-reg ..Q if it is a string, or by using it as an address if it is a number. A number must represent a ^R character, a q-register, or an FS flag. Suitable numbers can be obtained by pushing the location involved and then looking at -1:FS QP HOME$: [A -1:FS QP HOME$( ]A) returns the address of q-register A; [^^@ -1:FSQP HOME$( ]^^@), that of the definition of ^@; F[^R REPLACE$ -1FS QP HOME$(F]^R REPLACE$), the code for FS ^R REPLACE$. To turn such an address into a string containing the name of the q-register, use @FS QP HOME$.

The @ and : flags make F^G transfer data only one way instead of swapping. @F^G copies the current values into the local symbol table, but does not change the current values. :F^G copies from the local symbol table setting the current values.

is a command that reads a string argument. If the current macro was called by another macro, without the @ flag (see @), the string argument is read from the caller as if by ^]^X. In this case, the <prompt> is ignored. If the current macro was run as the definition of a ^R-mode character, or was called with the @ flag to pretend that it was called directly by ^R, the string argument is read by doing M$*F^K Hook*$. The <prompt> string should be read as an argument by that macro, which the user is responsible for defining. In addition, F^K can be given one or two numeric arguments which will be passed on to *F^K Hook*.

In either case, the string argument is returned as a string object as the value of the F^K command. If you like, you can make the *F^K Hook* macro exit the macro containing the F^K in the event that the user rubs out past the beginning of his argument. This can be done with -3 FS BACK RETURN$.

can be used by a macro to tell whether it was called from the internals of TECO or from another macro. It returns -1 if the macro was called from the internals of TECO or was called with @M. Otherwise, it returns a positive number.

reports to ^R that completely unknown changes to the buffer have taken place, and that ^R should not assume that any of the information it remembers from previous display is still valid.

is a no-op, to round out F^R with zero or two args, so that you can pass to F^R any args you might have returned to ^R, with equivalent results.

reports to ^R that the range of characters <m> to <n> has changes made in it, and needs to be redisplayed. This is like doing <m>,<n>@V except that F^R never actually does the redisplay; it just causes it to be done at the next opportuntity. F^R should not be used unnecessarily. For example, once a macro uses F^R, it cannot be used on any buffer except the one the next ^R up is displaying.

reports to ^R that screen lines <m> through <n>, not including <n>, need redisplay. This is used for exiting minibuffers. It is very important that the text previously displayed on line <n> be unchanged in the buffer and still belong on that line.

asks ^R to verify that the window in FS WINDOW$ is still valid, and choose a new valid one if it isn't. This operation is extremely fast when the window is still valid, because it assumes that FS ^R VPOS$ is up to date. If you want it to assume nothing, do a plain F^R first. Normally, the previous window is kept if it is still valid. To insist on re-centering point, do -1FS WINDOW$ first to flush the old window.

asks ^R to choose a new window putting point on line <n> of the window area. <n> is relative to FS TOPLINE$. The old window is never re-used. FS ^R VPOS$ is not depended on.

is like :F^R, except that on a terminal with insert/delete line capability ^R will attempt to move text on the screen IMMEDIATELY so as to optimize redisplay later. The number of lines up or down to move the text is determined by assuming that FS ^R VPOS$ is valid.

is like <n>:F^R, but moves text on the screen if possible.

searches the buffer or word aligned string in <q> for a word containing <n>, starting at word <m>. If one is found, its index is returned; otherwise, -1 is the value. The index of one occurrence can be used as <m> in the next call to find the next occurrence.

searches the ^R character definition table instead of a buffer. In other respects it is like F^S.

within a macro, this command returns as its values the arguments that were given to the macro. As many values are returned as args were given. To find out how many there were, use F^Y.

returns a value saying how many args it was given. For example, WF^Y returns 0; W1F^Y, 1; W1,F^Y, 2; W1,2F^Y, 3. The : and @ flags are also indicated by bits in the value; :F^Y returns 4 and @F^Y returns 8. 1,2:@F^Y returns 15. The modifier flags, and the previous arguments, are flushed.

F^^ takes the name of a ^R-character definition, as a q-reg, and returns the 9-bit character code for the character. For example, F^^.^R. returns the code for Control-., which is 256 octal.

:F^^ is used to test whether a string contains a valid short q-register name. The string is passed as a string pointer in a prefix argument. If the string contains a short q-register name then the :FS QP HOME$ of that q-register is returned. Otherwise, zero is returned.

F" is a conditional. It works like ", except that whereas " throws away its argument after testing it, F" returns its argument, whether it succeeds or fails. Thus, QA-QBF"LW'+QB implements max(QA,QB). (a better way, though, is QA,QBF^@, before any command which ignores a pre-comma argument).

is used to read or set the status of case conversion on input and case flagging on output, for terminals that do not have lower case. What those features do when activated is described below. F$ controls them thus: with no arg, returns the value of FS CASE $ and inserts in the buffer before the pointer the case-shift char, if any, and the case-lock char, if any. With an arg, sets FS CASE $ to that arg, and takes a string argument whose 1st char becomes the new case-shift, and whose 2nd char becomes the new case-lock. (if the chars are the same it is only a case-shift) (if there are no chars, you get no case-shift or -lock, etc) the old case-shift and case-lock, if any, become normal characters before the string arg is read. Thus, repeating an F$ command will not screw up.

Case conversion on input:

When FS CASE$ is nonzero, all letters are normally converted to the standard case, which is upper case if FS CASE $ is positive; lower if negative. The case-shift char causes the next char to be read in the alternate case. The case-lock char complements the standard case temporarily (it is reset for each cmd string). The case-shift quotes itself and the case-lock. The "upper case special characters" which are "@[\]^_" are not normally converted, but if one of them is preceded by a case-shift it will be case shifted into a "lower case special character" (one of "`{|}~<rubout>"). (note that case conversion happens during command execution now, so that it makes sense to change modes in the middle of a command string. However, no case conversion is done on characters that come from macros) (note also that it doesn't work well to have FS CASE$ and FS *RSET$ simultaneously nonzero, for complicated reasons).

Case-flagging on output:

If FS CASE $ is odd, chars in the nonstandard case (and the "lower case special characters") will be preceded by case-shifts on typeout from the buffer. If FS CASE$ is even, no flagging is done.

is like ( except that whereas ( returns no values, F( returns its arguments. F( therefore facilitates putting the same information in two places without the use of a q-reg.

converts <n> feet <m> inches to inches.

resembles ), but whereas ) returns its arguments combined with the values stored by the matched (, F) returns precisely its arguments. The data saved by the corresponding ( is discarded.

reads and ignores a string argument. Useful in macros because "F*^]^X$" reads and ignores a string argument passed to the macro.

clears the screen. Like "^L", but does not separate pages in files. If only a part of the screen is in use (FS LINES$ or FS TOP LINE$ is nonzero), only that part is cleared. To be sure to clear the whole screen, bind both of those flags to 0 around the F+. On non-erasable displays such as Tektronixes, this does clear the screen, even though TECO does not otherwise treat such terminals as displays. On printing terminals, a CRLF is typed.

returns a word of SIXBIT containing the first six characters of <string>.

interpreting <sixbit> as a word of SIXBIT, converts it to ASCII which is then inserted in the buffer before the pointer.

returns a string containing the characters of <sixbit>. @F6 is an obsolete equivalent command.

is a "throw", a la LISP. See "F<" below. F<!<tag>! ... > is a catch. If anywhere in the arbitrary code which may replace the "..." a "F;<tag>$" command is executed, control will transfer to after the ">" that ends the catch. If no "F;" is executed, the catch acts like an iteration, so if the code should be executed only once, "1F<" should be used. When a "F;" or throw happens, all macros, iterations and errsets entered within the catch are exited and the q-reg pdl is unwound to the level it had at the time the catch was entered. Example: F<!FOO! [A FIUA QAI QA-32"E F;FOO$' ]A> reads characters from the terminal and inserts them, up to but not including the first space, and does not modify the q-reg pdl (never mind that this macro might be improved). If a throw ("F;") is done to a tag that does not belong to any catch containing it, an error "UCT" occrurs, at which time nothing has been unwound. The ">" ending a catch will return 0 if the catch was exited normally; if it was thrown out of, the argument given to the throw will be returned (or 1 if there was no argument). Note that case is not significant in the F; or in the F<.

is an errset and a catch at the same time! Amazing what happens when your program works by simply examining a bunch of flags!

does an ordered comparison of strings. If "F=" has numeric args, they specify the range of buffer to be used as the first comparison string. Otherwise, the "=" should be followed by the name of a q-reg which should hold the first comparison string. The second comparison string should follow the command as a string argument, as for the "I" command. (the @ modifier works just as it does for the "I" command) the two strings are compared, and if they are equal 0 is returned as the value of the "F=" command. If the first string is greater, a positive value is returned; if the second, a negative value. If the value isn't 0, its absolute value is 1 + the position in the string of the first difference (1 if the first characters differ, etc.). A string is considered to be greater than any of its initial segments.

mbox control; argument is bit-decoded. No arg, or arg=0, implies arg=30 .

bit 1.1 - close gap. May be needed for communication with other programs that don't understand the gap.

bit 1.2 - GC string space. Useful before dumping out, or if it is suspected many strings have recently been discarded.

bit 1.3 - sweep the jump cache. Necessary if a string's contents have been altered by the F^E command, and might be a macro that might have contained "O" commands. Also necessary if :EJ is used after increasing the value of FS :EJPAGE$ (thus replacing one file with another in core).

bit 1.4 - flush unoccupied core. Good to do every so often, or if it is likely the buffer has just shrunk.

bit 1.5 - close the gap, if it is > 5000 characters long. It is good to do this every so often, in case the user deletes large amounts of text; say, whenever excess core is flushed.

performs text justification on a range of the buffer specified by 1 or 2 args (as for K, T, commands, etc.).

The idea is that whenever you edit a paragraph, you use FA or a macro that uses FA to re-justify it. The line size is kept in FS ADLINE $. A CRLF followed by a CRLF, space or tab causes a break. So does a CRLF, space or tab as the first character of the text being justified.

An invisible break can be produced before or after a line by beginning or ending it with space-backspace. CRLFs that do not cause breaks are turned into spaces. Excess spaces that wind up at the end of a line are deleted. Other excess spaces are retained. Thus, to win, you should insert spaces after all ends of sentences which are at the ends of lines, before you call FA. You might insert spaces at the ends of all sentences, but you can presume that they are already there, when desired, in the middle of the line. Spaces at the beginning of a line are treated as part of the first word of the line for justification purposes, to prevent indentation of paragraphs from changing. The last part-line of stuff to be justified is only filled. Tabs prevent justification of what precedes them on a line; to prevent filling, you must put in a break (use sp-bs). I suggest using "FA" in the following macro: [0 Z-^YU0 ^XJ <.,Z-Q0FB. ^O? $; :0L I $> !""Make sure .'s and ?'s at end of line have spaces! ^X,Q0FA !actually justify! ]0 If you want indented paragraphs, simply indent them the right amount when you type them in. "FA" will leave the indentation alone. "FA" knows about backspace. Sometimes it is desirable to put a space in a word. To do that, use space-backspace-space.

Tab characters in the buffer or in typeout are counted using tab stops at a spacing controlled by FS Tab Width$.

like "FA" but only fills (doesn't justify)

bounded search. Takes numeric args like K, T, etc. Specifying area of buffer to search, and a string argument like S, N, etc. The colon and atsign flags are used as they are by other search commands. :FB is like :S, not like :L. That is, :FB returns a value indicating extent of success, and searches the same range of the buffer as FB with no :. If two args in decreasing order are given searching is done in reverse. With one negative arg, the search is forward, but through a range that ends at the pointer.

takes arguments like K and converts the specified portion of the buffer to lower-case. Only letters are converted.

converts a specified portion of the buffer to upper case.

returns the upper-case equivalent of the character whose numeric code is <ch>, as a numeric code. Meta-bits in <ch> are passed through unchanged. :FC may also be given a string pointer as argument. It returns a new string containing the upper-case of its argument.

a list manipulating command whose main use is in "<arg>FDL", which moves down <arg> levels of parens. FD returns a pair of args for the next command. If <arg> is positive, they specify the range of the buffer from the pointer rightward to the first character that is <arg> levels up; if negative, leftward to the first character -<arg> levels up.

inserts a list of TECO error messages and explanations in the buffer before the pointer, one message per line.

inserts only the line describing the error of which <arg> is the error code. <arg> might have been returned by an errset, or might be the value of FS ERROR $. Since error codes are actually strings, <arg>FE is equivalent to G(<arg>) I<crlf>$

returns the error code associated with the given error name <errname>. Only the first three characters of <errname> are used. This is useful for analysing anticipated possible errors and recovering appropriately. Another way to do that is to compare the first three characters of the error code, which is a string, against the expected ones, with F~.

inserts a list of FS flag names in the buffer before the pointer, one name per line.

does error processing. With no argument, it simply rings the terminal's bell. Given the @ modifier, it also throws away type-ahead. Given a nonzero numeric argument (which should be s string), FG prints its contents as an error message (obeying FS VERBOSE$). Accompanying the numeric argument with the : modifier causes the error message to be typed at the top of the screen (think of : FT). Unlike most commands that do typeout, FG does not change Q..H, so that typing an error message will not inhibit buffer display or ^R redisplay. Instead, FG sets FS ERRFLG$ so that the next buffer display will not overwrite the line(s) occupied by the error message.

input one character from the terminal and return its ASCII value. (same as vw without the v) if the "mode" (in q-reg ..J) has changed, the new value will be put on the screen, unless input is already waiting when the FI is executed.

similar to FI, but doesn't flush the character. It will be re-read by the next FI or by TECO's command string reader.

is like FI, but returns a character in the 9-bit TV character set, rather than converting it to ASCII as FI does.

In the TV character set, the 400 bit means "meta", the 200 bit means "control", and the bottom 7 bits are a printing character (if < 40, it is one of the new TV graphics, or else it is a formatting character). Note that there exist controlified lower case letters different from their upper case counterpart (for example, 341 octal is control lower case a).

analogous.

insert the TECO job's command string as read from DDT in the buffer. Will normally end with a CR-LF but may be null.

returns minus the value of FS INSLEN$; that is, minus the length of the last string inserted by "I", "G" or "\", or found by a search or "FW". FK is negative except after a successful backward search, or backward "FW". Thus, "SFOO$FKC" will move to the beginning of the FOO found. "-SFOO$FKC" will move to the end of the FOO found. See also the ^B command in this context. "SFOO$FKDIBAR$" will replace FOO with BAR. See "^F". "IBLETCH$FKC" inserts BLETCH and backs over it.

parses lists or S-expressions:

a list maniulating command, that returns 2 values specifying a range of the buffer. If <arg> is >0, the range returned is that containing the next <arg> lists to the right of the pointer; if <arg> is <0, the range is that containing <arg> lists to the left of the pointer. This command should be followed by a command such as K, T, X, FX ... which can take 2 args; the specified number of lists will be deleted, typed, put in q-reg, etc. To move to the other side of the lists, do "<arg>FLL". The syntax parsed by FL is controlled by the delimiter dispatch table in Q..D; the character types known are "A", " ", "|", "/", "(", ")" and "'", and any character can be redefined to be of any of those types.

is like FL, but stops before the ( that starts the list instead of after. -:FL stops after the ), etc.

is like "<arg>FL", but refers to <arg> s-expressions rather than <arg> lists. An s-expression is either a list or a LISP atom, whichever is encountered first. "@FW" is used to find LISP atoms when necessary. @:FL stops before the next s-expression--if it is a list, it stops before the (, and if it is quoted it stops before the quote.

attempts to move the pointer so that the cursor will appear at hpos <n>, <m> lines below where it started out. "FM" without the "@" modifier can move only toward the end of the buffer. It operates by moving the pointer downward in the buffer until either 1) the exact desired absolute hpos and relative vpos have been reached, in which case "FM" simply returns, or 2) the end of the buffer is reached, which causes a "NIB" error, or 3) the line below the desired one is reached, in which case it is known that the desired combination of hpos and vpos does not exist, so FM reverses its motion until it is back on the desired line, then issues a "NHP" error. "FM" tries to avoid leaving the cursor between a CR and the following linefeed. "FM" will not currently work if ^R mode has never been entered, but it need not be in ^R mode. The ":" modifier causes "FM" to accept any hpos greater than or equal to the second argument as a condition for success, rather than demanding exact equality. The "@" modifier causes "FM" to scan toward the beginning of the buffer rather than toward the end. The first argument should not be positive. The algorithm is otherwise unchanged and ":" has the same meaning (accept any hpos >= the specified one).

is the same as [..N :I..N. It is needed because it elminates the possibility of a ^G-quit between the push and the insert. If such a quit happened, the previously set up undo action would be performed twice instead of once, and that might have bad results. To perform the opposite action--pop and macro Q..N - just do "-FS QPUN$".

The ..N macro has no effect on the value(s) returned by the macro that set it up. The atsign flag allows the user to specify a string delimiter, as with the I command.

binary-searches tables of fixed-length entries. It is intended for searching and constructing symbol tables. <q> should be a q-vector or pure string containing the table, and <name> the item to search for. The table's data must be an integral number of words. The first word of the table must contain the number of words per table entry; the rest of the table is then divided into entries of that size. TECO initialized this size to 2 words per entry, but it can be made larger. The first word of each entry should be the entry's name, as a TECO string pointer. This name is what FO will match against its string argument. The second word of each entry should be the value; the use of any extra words is up to the user. The entries' names must always be kept in increasing order, as F~ would say, or FO's binary search will lose. Also, they should not contain leading, trailing, or multiple spaces, or any tabs. Their case is ignored.

FO, without colon, will return the value from the entry if the name is found; otherwise, an UVN or AVN error results.

@FO allows only exact matches. Abbreviation is not allowed.

:FO returns the offset (in words) of the entry found; if the name is not found, :FO returns minus the offset (in words) of the place the name ought to be inserted in the table. The offset of the first entry in the table is 1, to skip the word in the front that contains the entry size.

<arg>FO is like plain FO except that if the name is undefined <arg> is returned as its "default value". Ambiguous names still cause errors.

Here is a macro that uses FO to create variables that can then be used with the Q$<name>$ construction: [0 :I0^]^X$ ! Get variable name in Q0 ! ! Find it, or where to put it if not found ! [1 :FO..Q^]0$U1 Q1"L ! If not found, put it in ! Q..Q[..O ! Symbol table lives in ..Q ! -Q1*5J 10,0I 10R ! Make space at right place ! ! Install string containing variable name ! Q0,.FSWORD$' If this macro is put in QV, then MVFoo$ will create a variable named Foo.

If the table is a pure string, the data must start on a word boundary, which means that the string's header must start in the second character in its word. In addition, the pointers to the entries' names are taken to be relative to the table itself. That is, the "pointer" should be an integer which, when added to the TECO string pointer to the table, should give a TECO string pointer to the name of the entry.

returns a number describing the data type of the object <obj>. The possible values are (in DECIMAL): -4 A number, not even in range to point into pure or impure string space. -3 A number that is in range for pure string space but does not point at a valid string header. -2 A number that is in range for impure string space but does not point at a valid string header. -1 A dead buffer. 0 A living buffer. 1 A Q-vector. 100 A pure string. 101 An impure string.

returns the number of characters in q-reg <q> (-1 is returned if the q-register contains a number).

tells TECO to update the displayed mode from q-reg ..J, provided it has changed, and no terminal input is available. :FR erases the mode line.

"FS Flags"

reads in a flag name as a text argument. Flag names may be any length, but only the first six characters are significant. Spaces are totally ignored. Only enough of the flag name to make it non-ambiguous is required. However, in programs, abbreviation should be minimized. The result of the FS is the current value of the flag. If an argument is given to the FS and the flag can be set, it is then set to that value. If a flag can be set, to make its value the second operand of an arithmetic operator put the FS command in parens. Otherwise, FS will think it has an arg and set the flag. Flags labeled "read-only" do not require that precaution. Flags currently implemented are:

specifies the size of the bottom margin as a percentage of the number of lines being displayed. Initially 10. Rather than let the cursor appear inside the bottom margin, TECO will choose a new buffer window--unless the bottom of the buffer appears on the screen already.

specifies where TECO should prefer to put the cursor when choosing a new window, as a percentage of the screen from the top. Applies even if the end of the buffer appears on the screen--in fact, the purpose of this variable is to make sure that when you go to the end of the buffer some blank space is provided to insert into without total redisplay. Initialy 40.

specifies (as a percentage of total size) the size of the area at the bottom such that TECO should never choose a new window putting the cursor in that area. Initially 30.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal is inferior to a LISP job (actually, if the superior has set the %OPLSP bit in the .OPTION variable of the TECO).

the size of the top margin. Analogous to FS %BOTTOM$. Initially 10.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal can insert and delete characters. This flag reflects the bit with the same name in the terminal's TTYOPT variable, and it is updated whenever TECO is restarted or FS TTY INIT$ is done.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal can generate the full 9-bit character set. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal is half-duplex. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal can insert and delete lines. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal can generate lower case characters. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the user wants --MORE-- processing, in general. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal is capable of overprinting. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the user has selected scroll mode. See FS %TOCID$.

(read only) nonzero if the terminal can print the SAIL character set. See FS %TOCID$.

initially 0. Nonzero suppresses automatic unwinding of TECO's various pdls each time through the top level loop. In other words, when FS *RSET$ is non-zero, errors not caught by errsets enter break-loops in which q-regs may be examined (unless the user's error-handler macro in q-reg ..P intervenes). The break-loop may be returned from with ")^\", or thrown out of with "^W" or "F;". The suspended program and its callers may be examined with FS BACKTRACE$. For more info on break-loops, see under q-reg ..P.

(normally -1) If < 0, TECO clears the screen whenever it gets the terminal back from its superior. If 0, that is not done (used mainly for debugging TECO). If > 0, screen clearing is totally eliminated, even if requested by the program (use this for debugging macros that try to destroy trace information).

normally -1. If 0, FS BKILL$ doesn't actually kill.

backs up the pointer FS .TYI PT$ by one step. Back up the pointer n steps and then you can use FS .TYI NXT$ n times to get the n previous input characters.

is used to extract from the ring buffer of saved type-in characters. See FS .TYI PT$.

is TECO's pointer into the ring buffer of the last 60 input characters. All input characters read by TECO are saved in this buffer, for the sake of programs to tell the user what he typed by mistake. This pointer is used in conjunction with FS .TYI BACK$ and FS .TYI NXT$, for extracting the contents of the ring buffer. This is done with the following code: FS .TYIPT$[1 [2 < FS .TYINXT$ U2 do something to print the character in Q2. FS .TYIPT$-Q1@;> Each FS .TYI NXT$ extracts the next character from the buffer and advances the pointer. When the pointer has been advanced all the way around to its original position, the entire buffer has been printed.

After an input character is read and stored in the buffer, FS .TYI PT$ is initialized to point at that character. Though FS .TYI PT$ is changed by ths use of FS .TYI NXT$ and FS .TYI BACK$, this has no effect on how input characters are stored.

is the number of the lowest page used by :EJ'd shared pure files. Initially 256. If multlipied by 5*1024, and then added to 400000000000 (octal), the result is a suitable string pointer to the last file :EJ'd. :EJ looks at this flag to figure out where to insert the next file to avoid clobbering the previous ones. It is an error to set this flag explicitly to a value lower than it already has; when it is set to a higher value, the intervening pages are removed from the address space.

(Twenex only) controls how filename defaults are used by the :ET command. A bit mask of version, type, name, directory, and device (from 1 to 20 respectively).

is the line-size used by the FA command.

the number of $$'s that TECO has seen at interrupt level. That is, an approximation to the number of command strings that the user has typed ahead. Useful in user-defined buffer display macros (q-reg ..B).

(read-only) returns the arguments of a macro call level up on the stack. It returns 0, 1, or 2 values, as F^X does. The argument to FS BACK ARGS$ is either the positive number of a frame counting from the bottom (0 = the outermost frame), or a negative number counting back from the currently executing macro (which, by the way, has no stack frame and cannot be referred to in either way).

(read only) is the number of macro call frames on the stack. This does not include the currently executing macro.

returns the PC of a macro call frame. Which frame, is specified as in FS BACK ARGS$. The PC of a frame is the number of the next character to be executed, relative to the beginning of the string.

sets the PC of the frame specified by <n>, to <m>.

(read-only) gives the level of the bottom of a macro call frame's q-register pdl frame. This is the level which a ^\ done in that macro will unwind to. The macro call frame is specified as for FS BACK ARG$.

(write-only) returns control to the macro call frame specified as for FS BACK ARG$. If control left that frame not with an M but via an exit from within a TECO command (such as a ^R), control is returned to that command. -1 FS BACK RETURN$ is equivalent to ^\.

(read-only) returns a pointer to the string or buffer being executed by macro frame specified as for FS BACK ARG$. Sometimes a macro frame will be executing a string constant internal to TECO. There cannot be a string pointer to such an object, so a byte pointer to the object (a number, according to FQ) will be returned instead. All you can do with such values is compare them.

used to see what program is running at higher levels of the mcro pdl. The program is inserted in the buffer, and point is put at the place it is executing. The macro call frame is specified just as for FS BACK ARGS$.

is useless, but F[ B BIND$ and F] B BIND$ are useful for pushing to a temporary buffer, or popping back from one. F[ B BIND$ pushes ..O, then does FS B CREATE$, but with the extra feature that if an error happens instead of just popping back ..O, the temporary buffer will be killed. That is because instead of doing ]..O, F] B BIND$ will be done, which is just like FS B KILL$ with no argument.

If after creating a buffer with F[ B BIND$ you change your mind and want to keep it, pop the previously selected buffer off the pdl with the ] command. The F[ B BIND$ will no longer be on the stack to kill the new buffer when you return.

An argument to F[ B BIND$ specifies the initial size of the temporary buffer in characters.

returns a newly cons'ed up buffer <n> characters long. The contents are all initially zeros, and the pointer starts out at the beginning of the buffer. If <n> is not specified, 0 is assumed. When a buffer is newly created it is at the top of memory. The closer a buffer is to the top of memory, the more efficient it is to do large amounts of insertion in it.

is like FS B CONS$ U..O--the buffer is selected instead of returned.

see q-reg ..O. FS BKILL$ is used for freeing buffers explicitly. With an argument, it frees the argument, which should be the result of applying the q command to a q-reg containing a buffer. Attempting to kill the currently selected buffer is an error. For example, QAFS BKILL$ kills the buffer in qa. After that is done, qa still contains a buffer pointer, but it has been marked "dead". If there were other pointers to the same buffer in other q-regs, TECO will regard them too as "dead" buffer pointers. An attempt to select the buffer using one of those pointers will result in an error. FS BKILL$ may be used without an argument, in which case it pops the q-reg pdl into Q..O, and if the new value of Q..O is different from the old, the old value is killed.

(initially 0) >0 => searches ignore case of letters. That is, the case used in the search string is irrelevant, and either lower or upper case will be found.

<0 => searches ignore case of special characters also ("@[\]^_" = "`{|}~<rubout>").

reads or sets the virtual buffer boundaries (this command returns a pair of values) the virtual boundaries determine the portion of the buffer that most other commands are allowed to notice. Normally the virtual boundaries contain the whole buffer. See the B, Z and H commands, and FS V B$ and FS V Z$.

if nonzero inhibits the LF that follows backward motion or rubbing out, in ^R mode on printing terminals.

like F$ (F-dollar) but neither inserts the case-shift and case-lock if no arg, nor expects a string arg. That is, it gets or sets the numeric quantity which determines the standard case and whether to flag on output.

(Twenex only) a string, in the same format as FS D FILE$, of the jfn given in AC1 if TECO was started at the CCL entry point; or zero if it was not or the filename has already been read. Discards the JFN unless given an atsign modifier.

is the interval between real-time clock interrupts, in 60'ths of a second. If it is zero, real-time interrupts do not happen. Note that real-time interrupts are not actually processed unless/until TECO is waiting for input. Their main use is for saving the buffer if the user walks away from the terminal without saving it. FS IN COUNT$ may be useful with real-time interupts, and FS MODIFIED$. Setting FS CLK INTERVAL$ postpones the next clock interrupt to one full interval in the future.

is the real-time interrupt handler macro. If the macro types out, it must not leave Q..H set.

if negative suppresses the ^R-mode definitions of all control-meta-letters (and ctl-meta-[, \, ], ^ and _) to make it easy to insert control characters. This mode is convenient for editing TECO commands.

a circular buffer of insertions/deletions made in FS TOP BUF. A new value for this should be created whenever a user buffer is created and FS TOP BUF should be set equal to that buffer.

Entries in FS CNG BUFFER are in pairs; the first word is an amount of change and the second is the position of the change (the position of an insert is the cursor position before the insertion and the position of a deletion is the cursor postition after the deletion). Use FS NEW CNG$ to update this for recent changes before accessing it. Use Z to check it's size. Point for it points to the next position that would be written to. This is updated by explicit calls to FS NEW CNG$ and when the gap moves.

This can be used to implement marks which are automatically updated for insertions and deletions before them in the buffer. To do this, record point in FS CNG BUFFER when the updating mark is created and step through FS CNG BUFFER to its current point, updating the mark for the changes seen along the way, when the mark is accessed. See the MARKER library for an example of how this is done.

This can also be used to relate a mark referenced in a disk file to the corresponding position in a buffer which contains an edited version of that file.

(read only) the contents of the PDP10 console switches.

(read only) is the current date and time, as a number in file-date format. It can be fed to FS FD CONVERT$ or to FS IF CDATE$.

is the current default device name, as a numeric sixbit word. See F6.

(read only) is nonzero if the current default device is a fast device--that is, the local machine's disk.

is the current default filename (that ER$ would use) as a string pointer. Do G(FS D FILE$) to insert it in the buffer. This flag is very useful for pushing and popping with F[ and F]. The exact format of the string is the SNAME, a semicolon, a space, the device name, a colon, a space, the FN1, a space, and the FN2. To extract specific names from the string, search for spaces (or colon or semicolon) not preceded by a ^Q. Note: on ITS, the default device name will never be DSK:. It will be the name of the local machine instead. This is so that comparison of two filenames which have been passed through the defaults and read out with FS D FILE$ will not say they are unequal because one has device DSK: and the other the machine name.

is the current default first file name, as a numeric sixbit word. See F6.

is the current default second filename, as a numeric sixbit word. See F6.

is to be used to "force out" a buffer redisplay for which the normal mechanism of deferring redisplay for input and later resumption will not do the right thing (such as, because the buffer being displayed is not the one permanently selected). Setting FS D FORCE$ nonzero has two effects: it forces the redisplay through to completion without considering the presence of input, and it inhibits updating the mode line.

is the current default SNAME, as a numeric sixbit word. See F6.

is the current default file version number; actually, a reflection of FS D FN2$. If the default FN2 is numeric, FS D VERSION$ is that fn2 as a number. If the default fn2 is ">" or "<", FS D VERSION$ is respectively 0 or -2. Otherwise, FS D VERSION$ is -1. Writing -1 into FS D VERSION$ has no effect; writing any other value sets the default fn2 appropriately. On Twenex, versions are always numeric, so all values have their usual meaning.

if set nonzero causes TECO to pause slightly before each line of output. This should give better overall response on slow displays. It will make things much worse on fast displays, and slightly worse on printing terminals. This flag is initialized by FS TTY INIT$ and at startup, according to the terminal speed.

if nonzero says that output has been printed in the echo area during this ^R command, so ^R should clear the echo area when it next wants to read a command. Clearing is not done by the FI command; only when the next distinct ^R command is to be read. Commands which wish to type in the echo area and not have their output erased can set this flag to zero. The FG command does, when it types in the echo area. FS ECHO FLUSH$ must be nonzero to enable this feature. Otherwise, the echo area is never cleared gratuitously.

when a ^R command starts being executed, holds the character that invoked it; set to -1 if anything is typed out; on printing ttys, if this flag is still not -1 when the command returns to ^R, the char is echoed. The command can set this flag itself to control the echoing. It can set the flag to a string, also. Then, if the command must be echoed, the whole contents of the string will be typed.

(write only) like FS ECHO OUT$, but outputs in display mode, so that ITS ^P-codes may be sent. See .INFO.;ITS TTY for details on available options.

if nonzero, causes error messages to be printed in the echo area.

if nonzero, enables the automatic clearing of the echo area after each ^R command which uses it. See FS ECHO ACTIVE$ for details of how to control this.

the number of lines at the screen bottom to be used for command echoing. Default is 1/6 of screen size, except 0 on printing terminals. If this flag is set to -<n>, echoing is turned off, and there are <n>-1 echo lines. Thus,

-1FS ECHOLINES$	makes no echo and no echo area;
-5FS ECHOLINES$	makes no echo but a 4 line echo area;
0FS ECHOLINES$	makes echo but no echo area.

Even if echoing is off, FS ECHOOUT$ may be used.

(write only) is used for outputting to the echo area. If the argument is a number, it is taken as the ASCII code for a character to be typed. If the argument is a string, all the characters in it are typed. Characters are output as they would actually echo. Thus, sending a CR will actually do a CRLF, and sending a ^A will print either downarrow (in :TCTYP SAIL mode) or caret-A.

same as FS ERROR$ if read; if written, causes an error with the error code that is written in it. Thus, to cause a "You Lose" error with 3-letter code LUZ, do :I*LUZ<tab>You Lose$ FS ERR$. Your error message should not contain any CRLFs. Users who wish to generate errors themselves with the same codes that TECO uses should use TECO's standard strings for those errors (that is, do @FE IFN$ FS ERR$) so that comparing FS ERROR$ against @FE values will still work.

is used to signal the buffer display routine (whether built-in or user-written) that an error message is on the screen and should not be overwritten. Its value is -<n> if the first <n> lines contain an error message, or nonnegative if there is none. If typeout is done when FS ERRFLG$ is negative, TECO will not actually type the first <n> lines of it. The <n>+1st line of typeout will appear in its normal position, beneath the error message. By that time, FS ERRFLG$ will be zero again.

the error code of the most recent error. Errors caught by errsets are included. A TECO "error code" is now just a string containing the text of the error message. Everything up to the first tab is the "brief" part of the error message; if FS VERBOSE$ is 0, that is all that TECO will print out. You can see if an error was (for example) an "IFN" error by doing F=(FS ERROR$)IFN$ and seeing if the result's absolute value is 4. It still works to compare against @FEIFN$, which returns the standard string that TECO always uses for internally-generated IFN errors.

I.T.S. I/O errors now have messages starting with "OPNnnn" where nnn is the I.T.S. open-failure code. Macros which used to decode I/O errors by numeric comparison must switch to using F=, since the strings for such errors are consed up by TECO as needed.

(write only) return control to the innermost error-containing command loop. This could be either an error catch command (:@< ... >), a ^R level, or the top level TECO command loop. This command is the correct way for a user error handler (..P) to abort the computation which got the error. The argument given to FS ERR THROW$ is returned from the error catch, if it happens to throw to an error catch. Otherwise, the argument is discarded.

(write only) does a .BREAK 16, using the argument to FS EXIT$ as the address field. See DDT DOC for a description of what the arguments mean. "100000." is a good value. AC 2 will contain the address of the 7-word "buffer block" describing the current buffer. See the section "buffer block" at the end.

(T(w)enex only) expunges the connected directory. FS MSNAME$ can be used to connect to a directory so as to expunge it.

converts numeric file dates to text and vice versa. If there is a numeric arg, it is assumed to be in the format for its file dates, and converted to a text string which is inserted in the buffer. The form of the string is dd/mm/yy hh:mm:ss. In this case, no numeric value is returned. If there is no arg, a text string is read from the buffer starting at ., and . is moved over the string. The string should be in the format inserted by FS FDCONV$ with argument, and will be converted to a numeric file date which will be the value of FS FDCONV$. See FS IFCDATE$ and FS OFCDATE$. <n>:FS FD CONV$ returns a string containing the printed representation of the file date <n>, instead of inserting it in the buffer. Twenex uses ODTIM and IDTIM, and so is less picky about date formats it will accept. Also, a second argument to FS FSCONV$ is used as the ODTIM format flags.

the character used to pad the last word of files written by TECO. Normally 3 (for ^C).

is nonzero if a --MORE-- has been flushed, and type-out is therefore suppressed. The flag is positive if the flushage was due to a rubout, negative otherwise. You can stop generating type-out when FS FLUSHED$ is nonzero, or you can clear it to make type-out start actually appearing again.

controls TECO's filename readed. If 0, when only one filename is present, it is used as the fn2 (this is the default). If positive, a lone filename is used as the fn1. If negative, a lone filename is used as the fn1 and automatically defaults the fn2 to ">". The default TECO init file uses this flag to process a DDT command line.

(Twenex only) gives a command line (jcl) for the inferior fork invoked via the next FZ command.

(read only) the length of the gap. This is the value of EXTRAC (see "buffer block").

(read only) the buffer position of the gap. This is GPT-BEG (see "buffer block").

(read only) number of lines on the screen, on display terminals (including --MORE-- and command lines). On printing terminals, wil be a very large number.

contains the character to be used as the HELP character. Normally, it contains the code for C-_. However, you may want to bind it to -1 from time to time to prevent HELP from being recognized (such as, in the C-Q command).

is a macro to be executed if the HELP character is typed. HELP is Top-H on TV's, ^_H on any terminal. If FS HELP MAC$ is zero, the HELP character is ignored as a ^R command, and returned (as 4110 octal) by FI and VW.

(read-only) returns the number of character positions there would be to the left of the type ball if the contents of the buffer (or at least everything after the previous carret) were printed on a hardcopy terminal with backspaces really backing up and tab stops every FS Tab Width$ columns.

is the user's home directory. The home directory is a little more permanent than the working directory (FS MSNAME$) and is used for storing things that permanently belong to the user, such as the RMAIL file, which do not have their own special directories the way init files do.

if nonzero, tells TECO to try to use the insert and delete character operations to speed redisplay. Initialized nonzero if the terminal handles those operations. Don't set it nonzero otherwise!

if nonzero, tells TECO to try to use the insert and delete line operations to speed redisplay. Initialized nonzero if the terminal handles those operations. Don't set it nonzero otherwise!

the input radix for numbers not followed by "." (initially 8+2)

the input radix for numbers ended by ".". Initially 8.

(write-only) sets the access pointer of the current input file --the argument is the desired character address in the file.

the creation date of the currently open input file. Arg and value are in numeric file date form - see FS FD CONVERT$.

(read-only) is the device name of the current or most recent input file, as a numeric SIXBIT word.

(ITS only) is the dumped-bit of the currently open input file.

(Twenex only) is used for reading and writing the file descriptor block of the current input file. <n>FS IF FDB$ returns word <n>, and <m>,<n>FS IF FDB$ sets it to <m>.

(read-only) is the name of the current or most recent input file, as a string. The format is like that of FS D FILE$.

(read-only) is the first file name of the current or most recent input file, as a numeric SIXBIT word.

(read-only) is the second file name of the current or most recent input file, as a numeric SIXBIT word.

(read-only) the length, in characters, of the currently open input file; or -1, if that length is unknown (because the file is on a device for which the fillen system call is unimplemented). Error if no file is open.

(read-only) -1 if the currently open input file was reached by tracing a link; zero otherwise. Always zero on Twenex. On old versions of ITS it is also always zero.

(write-only) executes a .MTAPE call on the input file. The last argument is the .MTAPE operation. A preceding argument specifies the count (default is 1). It is not clear that this feature really works.

is the don't-reap bit of the currently open input file.

(read-only) is the SNAME of the current or most recent input file, as a numeric SIXBIT word.

(read-only) is the version number of the open input file, or -1 if there is none or its FN2 isn't numeric.

outputs arg as to the terminal as a character in superimage mode. Returns no value. If the argument is a string pointer, the contents of the string are output.

is an old name for FS TYI COUNT$.

length of last string inserted into the buffer with an "I", "G" or "\", or found with a search command or "FW". FS INSLEN$ will be negative after a backward search or "FW" with negative arg. See "FK" and "^F".

if nonzero, causes the mode line to be displayed in inverse video on terminals which support it.

(read only) returns the JNAME of the job TECO is running in, as a numeric SIXBIT word, which can be converted into text by the F6 command. Note that the XJNAME is also available, and might be better for your purpose--see FS XJNAME$.

(write only) opens a journal file for execution (replaying). The default filenames are used. With a colon modifier, the journal file being replayed is closed. See the section on journal files for more information.

(read only) is nonzero when a journal file is being replayed.

if nonzero causes input to be taken from the terminal even though a journal file is being replayed. This is how FS JRN MACRO$ can offer the user a recursive ^R to fix things up after a quit.

The value of this flag controls how often the journal file being written is updated on disk. It is in the form of a number of commands. It is initially 50.

This macro is called whenever TECO attempts to read a command from a journal file being replayed and finds a colon or a ^G character in the file. The colon or ^G is passed to the macro as a numeric argument. In the case of ^G, this macro should execute a ^R, and then quit by setting FS QUIT$ to -1. In the case of a colon, the macro should read more characters from the file using FS JRN READ$ and act on them. The format of these characters is not specified.

(write only) opens a journal file for writing. The default filenames are used. With a colon modifier, the output journal file is closed. See the section on journal files for more information.

(read only) is nonzero when a journal file is being written.

(read only) reads a character from the input journal file being replayed. If there is none, it returns a random value.

(write only) outputs its argument, a character or string, to the journal file being written. It does nothing if no journal file is being written.

(read only) set to -1 when an input file is opened; set to 0 as soon as the last char of the file is read in. Saved by E[ - E]. Updated by FS IF ACCESS$. Thus, FS LAST PAGE$; will exit an iteration if there is no more to be read.

(initially 0) specifies the correspondence between definitions of ^R command characters and the function codes of the local editing protocol. Its value should be a qvector containing pairs of elements: alternating definitions and function codes.

The definitions are macros or built-in functions, the same as would go in FS ^R CMAC$. The function codes are documented in the local editing protocol.

FS LEDEFS$ can also have a string value. In this case, when the value is wanted, the string is executed as a macro. It should set FS LEDEFS$ to a qvector as described above.

If FS LEDEFS$ is zero, the local editing protocol is not used.

(initially 0) determines the number of lines displayed by standard buffer display, and, for display terminals, the number of lines to use at all. 0 => a full screen on displays, 2 lines on printing terminals. <n> not zero => <n> lines.

normally 0, this flag is set nonzero if TECO is started at 2 + its normal starting address. This is intended to indicate to TECO programs that passing of text between TECO and its superior is desired.

returns nonzero if there is input available to be read by "FI". If given an arg, then if no input is available, the arg is typed out using FS ECHOOUT$.

(Twenex only) returns the system load average.

(read only) returns the name of the machine TECO is running on, as a numeric SIXBIT word, which can be turned into text with F6. On ARPANET Twenices, this returns the local hosts hostname as a string.

if nonzero means that FS MODE MACRO$ needs to be run eventually, to update the contents of ..J. Whenever TECO is considering updating the mode line, depending on the value of this flag it may run FS MODE MACRO$ first. That macro can recompute ..J to display the current state of things. FS MODE CHANGE$ is set to zero before FS MODE MACRO$ is called.

The precise condition is: if FS MODE CHANGE$ is positive, do run FS MODE MACRO$. If FS MODE CHANGE$ is negative, its absolute value is compared with twice the value of FS QP PTR$; if the latter is less, do run FS MODE MACRO$. Thus, if FS MODE MACRO$ sets FS MODE CHANGE$ based on the current value of FS QP PTR$, it can arranged to be called again if control returns to an outer level on the stack. See Q..J and FR.

if nonzero is the macro used to update Q..J when the mode line is about to be displayed. See FS MODE CHANGE$ and Q..J and FR.

is the current buffer's modified flag. This flag is set nonzero whenever the buffer's contents are changed. It can be read or written by the user at any time. Each buffer has its own flag, but only the selected buffer's flag is accessible. The intended use is for deciding whether a file must be written back to the disk. When this flag is nonzero, a star appears at the end of the mode line. See also FS READ ONLY$ and FS X MODIFIED$ and FS ^R STAR$.

(write only, ITS only) outputs text to the main program area in display mode (^P is special). The argument may be a single character or a pointer to a string, whose entire contents are output.

is the user's working directory name (set up from the SNAME that TECO was given when it started up), as a numeric SIXBIT word, which can be converted into text by the F6 command. On Tenex or Tops-20, this is the connected directory and writing into it is used to connect to another directory.

(write only) used to force an update to FS CNG BUFFER$ when that buffer needs to be accessed.

if nonzero, signifies that the terminal in use does not have the clear-to-end-of-line function. Programs may wish to clear the screen at times if this flag is set, if they know that clearing the screen would result in faster redisplay afterward on such terminals.

if negative, altmode is always a noop as a command. If 0, altmode is an error as a command. If >0, always ends execution (as ^_ does). Initially -1. The old treatment of altmodes was as if this flag were set to 1.

gives the user control of TECO's ^G-quit mechanism. See "^G".

(write-only) sets the access pointer in the output file. The argument must be a multiple of 5. If the last output done did not end on a word boundary, rather than throwing away the remaining characters, an error occurs. FS OF LENGTH$ gives the length of the file, if you want to append to the end.

the creation date of the currently open output file, in numeric file-date form.

returns the filenames of the last output file explicitly closed, as a string. The format is like that of FS D FILE$. The intended use is for finding out what version number was actually written.

returns the length in characters of the currently open output file, or -1 if it cannot be determined.

(write-only) does a .MTAPE call on the output file. The last argument is the .MTAPE operation. A preceding argument specifies the count (default is 1). It is not clear that this feature really works.

(read-only) is the version number of the last output file closed, or -1 if that file's FN2 was not numeric.

Saves the value of FS FLUSHED$ when that is set to zero, on returning to ^R. Thus, a ^R command can check FS OLD FLUSHED$ to see whether the previous command had output which was flushed.

is the last ..J value actually displayed in the mode line. Setting this flag to zero will force redisplay of the mode line.

is the value of Z the last time FS NEW CNG$ was called.

The terminal's output line speed in baud, or 0 if the speed is not known.

returns the operating system TECO is running on, 0 for ITS, 1 for 20X, 2 for 10X.

if nonzero, suppresses output to the EW'd file. Output commands (P, etc) are errors.

(T(w)enex only) is the character to use for padding terminal output. Normally it is a Rubout (177). For some terminals a null (0) is better. Some may set it to 0 automatically. -1 means use an actual delay instead of padding characters. This may make some terminals work better, and may be more efficient of CPU time; however, it will not work across networks of any sort.

the number of formfeeds read (with non-atsign Y and A commands) from the input file since it was opened.

this is negative if TECO has detected that the terminal was temporarily taken away from it. A negative value here will cause the whole screen to be refreshed at the next opportunity.

the ASCII value of the prompt character (initially 38 for "&"). TECO will prompt on printing terminals only, whenever it is about to read from the terminal, and FS PROMPT$ is not 0.

(write-only) pushes its argument on the "ring buffer of the pointer", but only if the argument differs from the value already at the top of the ring buffer. See the ^V command. Note that TECO's top level loop does Q..IFS PUSHPT$ each time it is about to read in a command string.

returns a string which says where the q-register pdl slot <n> was pushed from. <n> can be a nonnegative offset from the bottom of the stack or a negetive offset from the top. The string will contain the name of the q-register of FS flag that was pushed, as, for example, "QA", "Q.^RX", "Q$Foo$", "FS DFILE$", or "*" (for a [(...) ). "*" isn't really a q-register name, but what would be any better?

returns the address of the q-register which q-register pdl slot <n> was pushed from (for a variable, returns the name of the variable). Such numbers will be equal for two slots pushed from the same place in the same TECO. They are also used with F^G.

turns a q-register address returned by :FS QP HOME$ into a string such as plain FS QP HOME$ would return. @FS QP HOME$ may be useful in for decoding the local q-register home numbers used with the F^G command.

the q-register pdl pointer (0 if nothing has been pushed, 1 if one q-reg has been pushed, etc.) <n> FS QP PTR$ sets the pointer to <n> if <n> > 0; adds <n> to it if <n> is negative. It is illegal to increase the pointer value with this command.

<n> FS QP SLOT$ reads q-reg-pdl slot <n>. <m>,<n>FS QPSLOT$ sets it to <m>. The first slot is numbered 0. If <n> is negative, it is treated as FS QPPTR$+<n>. Thus, -1FS QP SLOT$ is the last slot pushed.

(write only!) like FS QP PTR$ but pops slots back into the q-reg's they were pushed from instead of simply decrementing the pdl poinetr. This unwinding is automatically done when an error is caught by an errset, and at the end of each command string, and by ^\ and FS ^REXIT$. If Q..N is popped by this command, it is macroed first (see ..N). If <n> is negative, <n>FS QP UNWIND$ pops -<n> slots.

^G-quit works by setting this flag negative. Whenever quitting is possible (see FS NOQUIT$) and FS QUIT$ is negative, quitting will occur (and FS QUIT$ will be zeroed automatically). When TECO's quitting is inhibited, the user can test this flag explicitly to do his own special quitting.

(a pseudoflag) returns a newly cons'ed up q-register vector, <n> characters long. <n> should normally be a multiple of 5. The contents are initialized to zeros, and the pointer is at the beginning of the qvector. A q-vector is really a buffer, each word of which is marked by the garbage collector. See the section on data types.

reads or sets the ^Z command random number generator's seed.

if nonzero makes it an error to modify the buffer. This flag is actually per-buffer, so when you set it, you set it only for the currently selected buffer.

returns the value of BEG, the character address of the beginning of the current buffer. Useful for communicating with other programs that need to be given addresses of data in their commands. Also useful for executing the buffer as PDP10 code (do FS REALAD$/5U0 M0; the code should be position-independent, expect its address in accumulator 5, and start with SKIP (skip never) instruction. Its argument will be in AC 3.).

if nonzero, is macroed each time TECO really clears the whole screen. It is given no args and its values are ignored. The screen will already have been cleared.

When only part of the screen is in use (because FS LINES$ and FS TOP LINE$ call for that), the only time that TECO will clear the whole screen is when it is continued after having been stopped, the primary use of this hook is to put back on the screen whatever is supposed to be in the part of the screen not being actively used for display.

Functions which remove part of the screen from active use can sometimes be entered recursively, each one removing a few more lines from use. Each of them might supply an FS REFRESH$ to refresh those lines. What ought to happen is that all the FS REFRESH$es are executed, in the order they were set up. To make this happen, any function which sets up an FS REFRESH$ should save the previous contents elsewhere, and the new FS REFRESH$ should call the old one first thing.

(usually -1) if nonnegative, FS REREAD$ is the 9-bit TV code for a character to be re-read. Putting 65 into FS REREAD$ will cause the next "FI" command to return 65 (and set FS REREAD$ back to -1).

0 if printing console, otherwise equal to the tctyp word of the terminal. However, it is better to decode the FS %TOCID$, etc., flags than to decode FS RGETTY$ when trying to determine what kind of display the terminal is, and what functions it can perform. On Twenex it is actually allowed to set this variable in case the system is mistaken about your terminal type. What it must be set to is the TECO internal type code for the terminal you are using; and not all types are assembled in on any particular Twenex site.

if nonzero causes the initial definitions of ^D, rubout and control-rubout to delete both characters of a CRLF at one blow, as if it were a single character.

if nonzero is a macro to be called to perform the ^R commands Rubout and C-D when they have explicit numeric arguments. The normal definitions of the two characters call this macro in that case.

(read-only) TECO's runtime in milliseconds.

if nonzero, the terminal is assumed to be able to print nonformatting control chars as 1-space graphics. TECO outputs them as they are instead of outputting an ^ and a non-ctl char. Terminal initialization zeros this flag if the terminal's TOSA1 bit is 0 (this bit is set by :TCTYP SAIL).

if 0, as it is initally, a failing serach within an iteration or a ^P-sort key is not an error--it simply fails to move the pointer. If not 0, such searches cause sfl errors like all other searches.

if nonzero, causes FR to type out the mode line (Q..J) on printing terminals, if it has changed since last printed. Has no effect on displays.

(read only) is the horizontal position of point, taking control characters, tabs, CRs, etc. to appear the way they are currently being displayed, but assuming an infinitely wide line.

is the default search string (which S$ will use), as a string pointer. Do G(F S STRING$) to insert it in the buffer. This flag is most useful for pushing and popping.

(normally 0) if nonzero and numeric, TECO displays the buffer and waits at the beginning of every line of the program. See ^M for details. If it is a string, it is executed at the beginning of every line in the program. Exception: if a macro begins with a "W", stepping is inhibited at the beginning of that macro. The macro can inhibit stepping throughout itself by starting with "W 0F[STEP MAC$". Exception: stepping is also done whenever a successful conditional begins.

restricts the macro call stack levels at which stepping is done. If FS STEP DEPTH$ is -1, as it is initially, stepping goes on at all stack levels. Otherwise, the value of FS STEP DEPTH$ is the largest macro call depth (FS BACK DEPTH$ value) for which stepping can take place.

if nonzero is the macro to be called when TECO's superior makes a request to insert text into TECO. See "How Superiors Can Put Text into TECO" below.

the value stored by the last search command (0 if search failed; else negative, and minus the number of the search alternative which was actually found).

(initially 8) is the spacing between tab stops for display of tab characters in the buffer. Although the system always uses 8-character tab stops, TECO handles output of tabs itself and can output with any interval between tab stops.

is a duplicate copy to the top level EMACS buffer (the one selected with Select Buffer). Compare ..O against this to see if the current buffer is top level.

is, on display terminals, the number of the first line on the screen that TECO should use. Normally 0, so TECO starts output at the top of the screen.

nonzero iff TECO is in trace mode. See "?". 1F[ TRACE$ is a good way to start tracing temporarily.

says what to do with long lines of type-out. Negative => truncate them. Positive or zero => continue them to the next line. Entering ^R sets this flag to 0.

(initially 0) non-zero tells TECO that normal buffer display should display on printing terminals. (if there is a user buffer display macro, this flag has no effect unless the macro checks it)

(Twenex only) if positive, we assume that the terminal has an Edit key, and that the 200 bit in incoming characters should be interpreted as "Meta". If this flag is zero, then the 200 bit is ignored on the assumption that it is a parity bit. If this flag is negative, the terminal has full 12-bit character input. This only works under VTS.

(no argument or value) causes TECO to reexamine the system's terminal description and reset various flags, and the cursor in ..A, appropriately. Then, FS TTY MACRO$ is executed if nonzero. It can be used to digest the tty characteristics and set flags accordingly. FS TTY INIT$ is run automatically when TECO is started or restarted.

In detail, ..A is set to "-!-" on printing terminals, and to "/\" on displays (but "^A^B" on imlacs). FS RGETTY$ is set up to be 0 on a printing terminal, nonzero otherwise. FS VERBOSE$ is set equal to FS RGETTY$. FS TTYOPT$ is read in from the system. FS ^H PRINT$ is zeroed unless the terminal can backspace and overprint; FS ^M PRINT$ is zeroed unless the terminal can overprint. FS SAIL$ is set nonzero if the %TOSA1 bit is set in TTYOPT (this is the bit ":TCTYP SAIL" sets). FS LID$ is set nonzero if the %TOLID bit is set in TTYOPT. %TOLID says that the terminal can insert and delete lines. FS WIDTH$ and FS HEIGHT$ are read in from the system. FS ECHOLINES$ is set to 0 on printing terminals; 1/6 of the screen size on displays. FS D WAIT$ is set to -1 if FS OSPEED$ is positive and 600 or less; to zero, otherwise.

is a macro called by FS TTY INIT$ to give the user a chance to alter TECO flag settings based on the newly-gobbled terminal characteristics. If you don't like the way TECO initializes certain FS flags (namely FS ECHOLINES$, FS TRUNCATE$, FS VERBOSE$, FS WIDTH$, FS ^HPRINT$, FS ^MPRINT$, and FS SAIL$) in FS TTY INIT$, this macro can change them. Pure strings should NOT be used for this; when a saved EMACS environment is restored, FS TTY MACRO$ is processed before even the standard libraries are loaded in. So you must create the string with :I, X or :G. You can make an impure copy of a pure string in Q0 with :I0^]^S0$.

(read-only) the TTYOPT word for the terminal. However, if you think you want to use this flag, see FS %TOCID$, etc., first.

(Twenex only) if negative, prevents TECO from leaving page mode, so that ^Q and ^S are still used for flow-control. Note that this means they are not available as commands.

(read-only) the TTYSMT word for the terminal.

is the value which FS TYI COUNT$ had on the last time through the main ^R command loop. In other words, it is the number of terminal input characters so far, not including the last or current ^R command. Commands to set the numeric argument do not count as real commands in this regard; they are grouped with the commands for which they set the argument. When ^R is reading the first character of a command, FS TYI COUNT$ has been incremented already, so it equals FS TYI BEG$+1.

is the number of characters read from the terminal so far.

if nonzero holds a macro to be called every time a character is read from the terminal (not from FS REREAD$ or from FS TYI SOURCE$). The character read, in the 9-bit code, is passed as a numeric argument to the macro. The macro should return a single value, for the sake of ^R display updating. FS TYI COUNT$ and FS TYI BEG$ may be of use in the macro.

if nonzero holds a macro to be called to obtain "terminal input". This is instead of reading from the keyboard. The macro should put the input character it wishes to provide into FS REREAD$ and then return. The macro should return a single value, for the sake of ^R display updating, but this value is not used in any other way. That FS TYI SOURCE$ is nonzero is taken to imply that input is available, so display updating is suppressed. To cause displaying to be done, you must bind FS TYI SOURCE$ to zero and then request it. FS TYI SOURCE$ is set to zero by anything that discards keyboard input (errors, quits, etc).

<vpos>FS TYO HASH$ returns the hash code of the screen line at position <vpos>. <n>,<vpos>FS TYO HASH$ sets the hash code of that screen line to <n>. This is useful primarily for -1,<vpos>FS TYO HASH$ which will force that screen line to be redisplayed.

(read-only) while typeout is in progress (FS TYPEOUT$ nonnegative), holds the current typeout horizontal position, in which the next typed character will appear.

(read only) while typeout is in progress (FS TYPEOUT$ nonnegative), holds the current typeout vertical position, in which the next typed character will appear.

is -1 if typeout has not been happening recently, so typeout starting now would appear at the top of the window. FS TYPEOUT$ is not -1 when typeout was the last thing to happen and any more typeout will appear after the previous typeout. :FT types at the top of the window by putting -1 in FS TYPEOUT$ before typing.

is used to determine a user's hsname. <user> FS U HSNAME$ (where <user> is sixbit) returns <user>'s hsname in sixbit. <its>,<user> FS U HSNAME$ returns his hsname on machine <its> (sixbit).

(read only) The user index of the TECO job.

is used to determine the filename (including the machine) of a user's mail file. <user>FS U MAIL$ sets the default filename to the name of <user>'s mail file (where <user> is in sixbit). <its>,<user>FS U MAIL$ sets them to the name of his mail file on machine <its> instead of his normal mail-receiving machine.

(read only) returns the UNAME of the job TECO is running in, as a numeric SIXBIT word, which can be converted into text by the F6 command. See also FS XUNAME$ and FS MSNAME$, one of which might be better for your purpose.

(read only) returns time system has been up, in 30'ths, (milliseconds on Twenex).

(read-only) -1 iff an input file is open, else 0. Once an input file is opened, it remains open until "EC", "@Y", "@A", "EE" or "EX" is done.

(read-only) -1 if an output file is open, else 0.

if nonzero enables the feature whereby setting a named variable can run an arbitrary macro to make changes in other data structures. These data structures will appear automatically to reflect the value of the variable.

To use this feature, allocate three words per variable in the symbol table in Q..Q. The macro to call is the contents of the third word, but only if it is a string which starts with a "!". If that is the case, it will be called with the new value of the variable as its argument.

is the distance between the real beginning of the buffer and the virtual beginning. See FS BOUNDARIES$, but unlike that flag, FS V B$ can be pushed and popped. B has the same value as FS V B$.

if not 0, TECO will print the long error message of its own accord when an error occurs. Otherwise it will print only the 3-char code and the long message must be requested by typing ^X. Initially 0 except on displays.

(read-only) the current TECO version number

is the distance between the virtual end of the buffer and the real end--the number of characters past the virtual end. See FS BOUNDARIES$ for more info, but note that FS V Z$ can be pushed and popped. Z's value is FS Z$-(FS V Z$).

width of terminal's screen or paper, in characters.

the number of the first character in the current display window, relative to the virtual beginning of the buffer (that is, FS WINDOW$+B is the number of that charcter).

FS WINDOW$+BJ (FS HEIGHT$-(FS ECHOLINES$)/2)L will put the pointer in the middle of the window (usually). Setting FS WINDOW$ will make TECO try to use the window specified. However, if the constraints of FS %TOP$ and FS %BOTTOM$ are not met, TECO will choose another window rather than use the specified one.

gets or sets words in the current buffer. This flag makes it possible for TECO programs to edit binary data bases. <n>FS WORD$ returns the contents of the word containing character <n>; <val>,<n>FS WORD$ sets that same word. When handling binary data, it is unwise to insert or delete characters other than in units of five, on word boundaries. The way to delete a word is to delete its five characters; insert a word with 5,0I (this does not set the low bit! You cannot count on the word to contain 0 unless you store into it with FS WORD$).

To read in a file of binary data, FY should be used, since Y might pay special attention to the characters in the file. Copying out of another buffer with G works, provided the transfer starts and ends on word boundaries (blt is used). For writing out binary data, use @HP. The @ says not to clear the low bits. Use HP rather than PW PW since PW may add a ^L. EF is OK for closing the file--it will add no padding if it is done at a word boundary.

(read only) returns the XJNAME of the job TECO is running in, as a numeric SIXBIT word, which can be converted into text by the F6 command. The XJNAME is "what the JNAME was supposed to be", so if you want your init file to do different things according to how TECO was invoked, you should use the XJNAME rather than the JNAME. On Tops-20, this will be the first atom of the command line, if there is one; this is useful for the same reason.

is completely analogous to FS MODIFIED$ in how TECO treats it. However, the user can clear either one without changing the other. They can be used to detect the occurrence of modifications since two different types of events (such as, real saves and auto saves). FS X MODIFIED$ does not affect the star in the mode line; only FS MODIFIED$ does.

On printing terminals, all commands that type out first print and zero FS X PROMPT$ if nonzero (using FS ECHO OUT$). Do not try to use it on displays.

(read only) returns the XUNAME of the job TECO is running in, as a numeric SIXBIT word, which can be converted into text by the F6 command. The XUNAME is "who the user really is". For example, it is what TECO and other programs use to decide whose init file to use.

controls treatment of Y command.

0	=>	Y is legal.
1	=>	Y is illegal (gives "DCD" error).
-1	=>	Y is always treated as @Y.

(read only) the number of characters in the buffer. Will differ from value of Z command when virtual buffer boundaries don't include the whole buffer. This is Z-BEG (see "buffer block").

controls how ^H is typed out. Negative => actually backspace (and overprint), otherwise type the ^H as caret-H. FS TTYINIT$ and $G cause this flag to be zeroed if the terminal cannot handle overprinting.

controls the treatment of the tab character as a TECO command.

0	=>	^I is an insert command (see Tab for details).
1	=>	^I is illegal (gives "DCD" error).
-1	=>	^I is a no-op.

(initially 0) if 0, formfeeds in files that terminate Y commands' reading are thrown away, and the P and PW commands output a formfeed after the buffer. If FS ^LINSERT$ is nonzero, formfeeds read from files always go in the buffer, and P and PW never output anything except what is in the buffer. Either way, a Y and a P will write out what it reads in.

says when a stray CR or LF should be typed out as one, as opposed to being printed as "^M" or "^J". Possible values and initialization like FS ^H PRINT$

if nonzero, ^P sort ignores case (lowercase letters sort like the corresponding uppercase).

is the explicit numeric argument for the next ^R mode command, or 0 (not 1!) if there was none.

contains two bits describing this ^R-command's argument:

bit 1.1 (1)	is set if any argument was specified (either numerically or with ^U).
bit 1.2 (2)	is set if a numeric argument was specified. If this bit is 0, the contents of FS ^R ARG$ are ignored, and 1 is used instead.
bit 1.3 (4)	is set if the argument, as specified by the other bits, should finally be negated.

the comment column, for ^R's comment mode.

<n>FS ^RCMAC$ gets the ^R-mode definition of the character whose ASCII code is <n>. <m>,<n>FS ^RCMAC$ sets it to <m>. <n> should be an ASCII code; it will be converted to 9-bit TV code which is what is actually used to index the ^R-mode dispatch table. If you wish to supply a 9-bit code yourself, use "@FS ^RCMAC$" which skips the conversion. Also, these definitions may now be referred to as q-regs in all the q-reg commands--see "Q". The definition is either a built-in command or a user macro. In the former case, the definition is a positive number of internal significance only. However, built-in definitions may be copied from one character to another using FS ^RCMAC$. For a character to be a user macro, its definition must be one of the funny negative numbers which are really string pointers. They can be obtained from strings by applying the "Q" command to a q-reg that contains text. For example, to make the definition of the character " " be the string which is at the moment in q-reg A, do "QA,^^ FS ^RCMAC$W". "QAU^R " is equivalent. To copy the definition of "A" into the definition of rubout, do "^^AFS ^RCMAC$,127FS ^RCMAC$W". This will make rubout self inserting (unless "A" had been redefined previously).

if nonzero is macroed every time ^R is about to do nontrivial redisplay (anything except just moving the cursor). If the evaluation alters the needed redisplay (either by returning 0 or 2 values to ^R, or by doing some of the redisplay with ^V) then ^R will take note. If a FS ^R DISPLAY$ returns no values, it will force a full redisplay, thus effectively disabling ^R's short-cuts, so beware. If FS REFRESH$ is nonzero, then it will be called in addition to FS ^R DISPLAY$, at those times when the whole screen is being cleared.

(write-only) exits from the innermost ^R invocation. Pops q-regs pushed within that ^R level, and ends iterations started within it.

1	=>	characters read in by ^R should not be echoed.
0	=>	they should be echoed only on printing terminals. (the default)
-1	=>	they should be echoed on all terminals.

Note that this "echoing" is explicit typeout by TECO. System echoing is always off in ^R mode, currently. Also, rubout is not echoed on printing terminals. However, FS ^R RUBOUT$ on a printing terminal when FS ^R ECHO$ is <= 0, types out the char being deleted.

is used to allow system echoing to echo the Space character when some sort of auto-fill feature is in use and Space does not have the definition of a normal self-inserting character. This flag should be set to the definition which Space has when it does auto-filling. When Space has this definition, it will be considered safe to let the system echo Spaces just as if they were ordinary self-inserting characters; however, to prevent auto-fill from being lost, system echoing will be allowed only as far as the column which is the value of FS ADLINE$, which should be set no greater than the column at which auto-fill starts to do something nontrivial. The definition of Space will not actually be executed when the space is echoed by the system, but for an auto-fill which isn't going to break the line this should make no difference.

is macroed (if nonzero) whenever ^R is entered at any level of recursion.

is the ^U-count for the next ^R-mode command.

(read only) is the hpos of the first change on the screen needing redisplay. It will be a large positive number if no redisplay is required. If FS WINDOW$ is negative then the value of this flag doesn't matter.

the current horizontal position of the cursor in ^R mode. Not updated when the pointer moves, unless ^R gets control back or @V is done.

given a 9-bit character, traces ^R alias-definitions to find the character it is equivalent to. If given a character that isn't an alias, returns the same one. Thus, 311. FS ^R IND$ returns 11.

when nonzero prevents ^R from updating the display. If FS ^R INHIBIT$ is zeroed again, all the pending updating will be done at the next opportunity.

<ch>FS ^R INIT$ returns the initial definition of the character whose ASCII code is <ch>; in other words, <ch>FS ^R INIT$ always returns what <ch>FS ^R CMACRO$ initially returns. The atsign modifier works for FS ^R INIT$ just as it does for FS ^R CMACRO$; it says that the arg is a 9-bit code rather than ASCII.

the internal ^R-mode insert routine's user interface. It takes one argument--the ASCII code for the character to be inserted. This command itself take care of notifying ^R of the change that is made, so when returning to ^R this change should not be mentioned in the returned values (so if this is the only change made, return 1 value). This command is very sensitive; if the buffer or even "." has changed since the last time ^R was in progress or an @V was done, it may not work. Its intended use is in macros which, after thinking, decide that they wish only to insert 1 or 2 characters (such as a space-macro which might continue the line but usually inserts a space).

holds the most recent character read by any ^R invocation (quite likely the one being processed right now). Commands that wish to set up arguments for following commands should zero FS ^R LAST$, which tells ^R not to flush the argument when the command is finished.

is macroed (if not zero) whenever ^R returns normally (including FS ^R EXIT$ but not throws that go out past the ^R).

holds the mark set by ^T in ^R mode, or -1 if there is no mark.

holds the maximum number of characters of insertion or deletion that will be printed out by ^R on a printing terminal. Larger changes will cause ^R to echo the command instead of displaying its effect. The default value is 50 .

the counter used by ^R to decide when to call the secretary macro. It starts at FS ^R MDLY$ and counts down.

sets the number of characters that should be read by ^R mode before it invokes the secretary macro kept in q-register ..F . Characters read by user macros called from ^R are not counted.

(read-only) non-zero while in ^R-mode.

if positive, --MORE-- is used for ^R-mode display instead of the usual --TOP--, --BOT-- and --nn%--. This is useful in command environments where Space means "show the next screenfull". If negative, then neither --MORE-- nor --TOP-- is displayed. This may be desirable on slow terminals, and also allows ..J to make use of the full width of the mode line.

all "self-inserting" characters in ^R mode are really initially defined to go indirect through this word, if it is nonzero. If it is zero, as it is initially, the default definition is used for such characters.

holds a function to be executed whenever a self-inserting character is inserted whose Lisp syntax is ")". The idea is that this function will point out the location of the matching open parenthesis. If FS ^R PAREN$ is zero, the feature is turned off.

holds the previous (second most recent) command read by ^R's command loop, not counting argument setting commands.

if nonzero puts ^R in "replace mode", in which normal characters replace a character instead of simply inserting themselves. Thus, the character A would do DIA$ instead of just IA$. There are exceptions, though; a ^H, ^J, ^L or ^M will not be deleted, and a tab will be deleted only if it is taking up just one space. Also, characters with the meta bit set will still insert. Replace mode actually affects only the default definition of "normal" characters. Characters which have been redefined are not affected, and if FS ^R NORMAL$ is nonzero no characters are affected (unless the user's definitions check this flag). Making FS ^R REPLACE$ positive has the additional effect of forcing all meta-non-control characters to be come normal, suppressing their definitions.

the internal ^R rubout routine's user interface. Takes 1 arg--the number of characters to rub out. This command is very sensitive and may fail to work if the buffer or "." has been changed since the last time ^R was in control, or an @V, FM, FS ^R RUB$ or FS ^R INSERT$ was done. Its intended use is for macros which, after thinking, decide to do nothing but rub out one character and return; it gives extra efficiency but only when rubbing out at the end of the line.

if nonzero causes ^R commands, when using a printing terminal, to try to imitate a printing terminal line editor by printing the characters they insert/delete/move over. FS ^R ECHO$ should be 1, to avoid double-echo. See also FS ^R TTM1$ for how to customize this.

if nonzero, a star appears in the mode line if the buffer is modified. It is nonzero by default.

(initially -1) nonnegative => builtin ^R-mode commands are suppressed, except for rubout, and user-defined commands are suppressed unless their definitions begin with "W". Suppressed command characters become self-inserting. The char whose 9-bit value is in FS ^R SUPPRESS$ is the unquoting char. It reenables suppressed commands temporarily by setting FS ^R UNSUPPR$ to -1. If FS ^RSUPPRESS$ is > 511, there is no unquote char.

returns control to the innermost invocation of ^R. This is different from FS ^R EXIT$, which returns control FROM that invocation.

if nonzero, will be called to handle display on printing terminals of operations TECO itself does not know how to display. This includes operations that return no values to ^R, operations which only move the cursor but move it a long way, and operations which modify a region of the buffer which is longer than FS ^R MAX$ or does not end at point.

When an operation returns no values to ^R, FS ^R TTM1$ is called with no arguments.

When an operation moves the cursor a long distance, FS ^R TTM1$ is passed one argument, which is the old cursor position.

When an operation modifies a region which ^R itself does not know how to display for, FS ^R TTM1$ receives two arguments, which delimit the region changed. These two argumemnts will not necessarily be in order.

If FS ^R TTM1$ does not output anything, then the command is echoed by ^R when FS ^R TTM1$ returns.

If FS ^R SCAN$ is zero, redisplay is not attempted on printing terminals and this macro is not called.

(initially 0) actually, builtin commands are suppressed only if this flag and FS ^RSUPRESS$ are nonnegative. However, this flag is zeroed after each command except ^U and ^V. Thus, setting this flag to -1 allows one builtin comand.

(read only) is the vpos of the first change on the screen needing redisplay. It will be a large positive number if no redisplay is required. If FS WINDOW$ is negative then the value of this flag doesn't matter.

the ^R-mode cursor's vertical position.

controls treatment of the "_" command. If 0 (the default), "_" is "search-and-yank" as it originally was. If 1, "_" is illegal (gives "disabled command" error). If -1, "_" is treated like "-" (good on memowrecks).

types its string argument.

similar, but always goes to top of screen first (actually, to the line specified by FS TOP LINE$).

similar to FT, but types its argument in the echo area rather than the display area. Characters are typed normally, in ITS ASCII mode, rather than as they would echo, so to do a CRLF you need a CR and a LF.

like @FT, but types the argument only if no input is available (FS LISTEN$ would return 0). If input is available, the argument is skipped over and ignored.

a list manipulating command whose main use is in <arg>FUL, which moves up <arg> levels of parentheses. <arg>FU where <arg> is positive returns a pair of args for the next command, specifying the range of the buffer from . Moving rightward to the first place <arg> levels up. If <arg> is negative, it moves left -<arg> levels up.

displays its string argument.

types its string argument, then clears whatever is left of the screen.

similar to FL but hacks words instead. A word is defined as a sequence of non-delimiters. Initially, the non-delimiters are just the squoze characters but the user can change that--see q-reg ..D. This command returns a pair of args for the next one. Also, FW sets FS INSLEN$ equal to the length of the last word moved over. Main uses: FWL moves right one word, -FWL moves left one, FWK deletes one word to the right, FWFXA deletes and puts in q-reg A, FWFC converts one word to lower case.

similar to FW but stops before crossing the word instead of after. Thus, :1FWL moves up to before the next non-delimiter. :2FWL is the same as 2FWL-FWL. :FW sets FS INSLEN$ to the length of the last inter-word gap crossed.

like FW, but finds LISP atoms rather than words. Understands slashes and vertical bars but not comments.

like X and K combined. "3FXA" = "3XA 3K". The atsign flag causes appending to the q-reg, as for X.

insert all that remains of the current open input file before point. Error if no file is open. The input data are unaltered; no attempt is made to remove padding or ^L's. If the transfer is on a word boundary in the file and in the buffer, word operations will be used, so this command is suitable for use with binary data. The input file is not closed--use EC for that.

like FY, but inserts at most <n> characters, or until EOF, whichever comes first. Note that <n> characters of space are always needed, even if the file is not really that long; thus, 1000000FY to read in the whole file will not work. The input file is not closed.

(T(w)enex only) manipulates inferior forks. This command does not work on Tenex but could probably be made to work.

resumes the inferior exec fork, creating it if there is none. There is at most one "exec fork" since FZ$ will not create one if one already exists.

resumes the inferior exec fork, creating it if there is none. The "string" is placed in the Rescan buffer for use by the exec.

creates and starts a new exec fork placing the "string" in the Rescan buffer. This new exec fork replaces any existing one to become "the" exec fork, which following FZ$'s with no argument will resume. There are no defaults for the filename.

creates and starts a non-exec fork by loading the specified file (no defaults!). The "string" is placed in the Rescan buffer in the same manner EXEC uses. Ie. "FILENAME string". The FS FORK JCL$ flag can also be used to set the command line, it is just the "string" part. After the fork returns, the FZ command returns a positive number which is the TECO index of the fork. This index can be used to resume or kill the fork:

resumes the fork of index <i>, and waits for it to return. The string is placed in the Rescan buffer. A pre-comma argument may be given: -1 -- signifies that the Rescan buffer is to be preset to read. 0 -- start the fork at its primary entry location. n -- start the fork at location n in the entry vector.

kills the fork of index <i>. Indices are always positive.

is like FZ but does not clear the screen on return.

pushes the value of FS<flag>$ on the q-reg pdl, so that it will be restored on unwinding.

pushes the flag and sets it to <arg>

pushes the definition of character number <ch>.

pushes the definition of character number <ch> and sets it.

this command has the same meaning that _ normally has; namely, search for a string arg and keep yanking till end of file. However, this command works regardless of the setting of FS _DISABLE$

pops from the q-reg pdl into FS <flag>$.

pops from the q-reg pdl into the definition of character number <ch>, and returns the old definition.

compares strings, ignoring case difference. It is just like F= except that both strings are converted to upper case as they are compared.

insert in buffer to left of pointer the text in q-reg <q>. If q-reg specified contains # rather than text, decimal representation thereof will be inserted. If the q-reg contains a buffer the gap in the buffer may have to be moved before the G can be done. FS INSLEN$ is set to the length of the inserted text.

insert only a part of the text in the q-reg; specifically, the range from <m> to <n>-1 inclusive. This feature works only for q-regs containing text; if a q-reg holds a number the whole q-reg will be inserted despite the args.

returns a copy of the string in q-register <q>.

returns as a number the character at position <n> in the string in <q>. It is an error if <n> is negative or >= the length of the string.

makes a substring of the string in <q>, taking the characters starting form position <m> and stopping before character <n>. This substring is returned as a value. FS INSLEN$ is set to the length of the substring.

equivalent to B,Z; i.e., specifies whole buffer (or all within the virtual boundaries if they're in use) to commands taking two args for character positions such as K, T, or V.

if no arg, insert following string arg (terminated by Altmode) into the buffer before point. The characters are inserted at the pointer, and the pointer is left after the characters.

If preceded by an atsign ("@"), then the following char is the delimiter, and the next un-quoted and un-delimiter-protected occurrence of that character is what ends the string argument. e.g., @I/text/. The length of the inserted string is kept in FS INSLEN$ (see the "FK" and "^F" commands).

takes a q-register name immediately after the I and inserts into that q-reg, replacing the previous contents. Atsign works as with the normal I command, with the delimiter following the q-reg name. FS INSLEN$ is not set by :I. Self-inserting chars will not take the colon modifier.

inserts the character with ASCII code <n>.

puts the character in a string in q-reg <q>.

inserts <m> copies of the character with ASCII code <n>.

puts <m> copies of the character in a string in q-reg <q>.

position pointer after argth char in buffer. If no arg, arg=B (usually 0).

is to J as :S is to S.

if no arg or one arg, kill chars from pointer to argth line feed following. (no arg, arg=1; negative arg, back up over 1-arg line feeds, space over last line feed found, and kill from there to pointer. A colon after the arg will move back over carriage return+linefeed before deleting. If no carriage return exists, TECO will only move back one character. There is an implicit line-feed at the end of the buffer. (note: this is the action of colon for all commands which take one or two args like K.)

kills characters <m> through <n>-1. The pointer is moved to <m>.

is like <n>K, but only LF's preceded by CR's are recognized.

move to beginning of <arg>th line after pointer (0L is beginning of current line.). Colon acts as in the K command. Note that :L moves to end of current line 0:L moves to end of previous line and -:L moves to end of line before previous line

is the same as <m>+<n>-.J

is like <arg> L but only CRLFs are recognized, not stray LF's.

calls the function in q-reg <q>. If <q> contains a string or buffer, its contents are "macroed"--that is, treated as TECO commands. If <q> contains a number, that number should be the initial definition of some ^R-mode character; that "built-in" function will be called.

Built-in functions take 1 arg; user macros, 0, 1 or 2, which they may access using "^X" and "^Y" (or, more winningly, with the F^X and F^Y commands). The macro may read string arguments using the ^]^X construction; such arguments should be supplied after the M command.

Note that if you macro a buffer, you may screw yourself if while that buffer is executing you either modify its contents or throw away all pointers to it. If the q-register specified in the M command is a ^R-mode character definition (as in M.^RX), the code for that character is put in Q..0 in case the definition looks at it there.

is a variant of M that fools the called macro into thinking that it was called directly from ^R mode. One effect is that the default postcomma numeric argument is 1, not 0. To be precise, if a macro is called with @M and no arguments, then inside that macro F^X will still say that there are no arguments, but if ^Y is used anyway its value will be 0, not 1.

Another effect is that if the called macro uses the F^K command to read a string argument, the argument will be read from the terminal. If a macro called with @M does a :M, the @ flag will be passed along to the macro called by the :M; however, this will not affect the argument passed by the :M, which will be determined solely by the code in the caller (including whether the caller explicitly says @).

is a tail-recursive form of macro call; it is similar to a M followed by a ^\, for some purposes. However, with :M the caller is really no longer present on the macro call stack. If the called macro reads a string argument, it will come not out of the caller, but out of the caller's caller.

does search (see S) but if end of buffer is reached does P and continues search.

sends command execution to char after the occurrence of <tag> as a label ("!<tag>!") ( OX$ goes to !X!). Case is not significant in tags, so OFOO$ and Ofoo$ will both find both !FOO! and !foo!. Label must be on same iteration level as O command, i.e., no unmatched < or > between O and !. The label must also be within the same macro as the O; in other words, non-local gotos are not implemented.

If the tag is not found, an "UGT" error occurs at the end of the O command. For convenience's sake, :O is just like O but simply returns if the tag is not found.

The @ modifier allows the tag to be abbreviated. OFOO$ will not find !FOOBAR!, but @OFOO$ will find it. This is for the sake of those using O to do command dispatching.

TECO has a cache containing the locations of several recent O commands and where they jumped to. If an O command is in that table, searching is unnecessary. This increases efficiency. However, if there is a ^] call in the arg to O, it might be intended to jump to different places each time, so TECO refuses to cache such jumps to force itself to search each time. Also, jumps in buffers and in top level command strings cnnot be cached, since the data in the buffer (including the argument of the O command) might change at any time; if TECO then did not read the argument and search, it might jump to the wrong place.

output contents of buffer to open output file, followed by form feed (^L) if FS ^LINSERT$ is 0; clear buffer and read into buffer from file open for reading until next form feed or end of file. A single argument means do this that many times.

The P command usually writes zero into the low bit of each word of the output file. If the @ flag is set, then outputting on word boundaries in the buffer and the output file outputs the low bits as they are present in the buffer.

output the characters in the range <m> through <n> to the output file. Do not change the buffer or read from the input file.

outputs like P but does not clear buffer or do input. Takes arg, meaning do it arg times.

returns the value in q-reg <q>, as a number. If <q> is holding a number, that number is the value. If <q> "holds text", then it really contains a pointer to a string or buffer, and Q<q> wil return the pointer, which if put in another q-reg (using "U") that q-reg will "hold the same text" as <q>.

A q-reg name is either an alphanumeric char preceded by 0, 1 or 2 periods, a "variable name" of the form $<name>$, a subscripting expression such as :Q(<idx>), a * (for certain commands), an expression in parentheses (for certain commands), or up to 3 periods followed by a "^R" or "^^" and any ASCII character.

Periods plus alphanumeric character q-reg names refer to TECO's q-registers, which are what serve as variables for TECO programs. Each distinct such name names a distinct variable. Names with two periods are reserved for special system meanings; those that are now assigned are documented starting at "..A".

While names like "A" or ".8" are fine for local variables in programs, for global parameters mnemonic names are necessary. Variables with long names are accessible through the $<name>$ construct. Variable names may be abbreviated, and extra spaces and tabs may go at the beginning, the end, or next to any space or tab. Also, case is not significant inside variable names. Thus, a variable named "Foo" could be accessed with Q$FOO$, Q$ foo $ or (if there is no FO or FOX, etc.) with Q$ Fo$. Because of this latitude, variables are not created if they are referenced and do not exist; instead, they must be entered explicitly in the symbol table by the user. This is easy to do, because the entire symbol table data structure is user-accessible; it is an FO-style symbol table that lives in q-register ..Q. See the FO command for a sample macro for creating variables. The symbol table must have at least two words per entry, but it may have more. The additional words can be used however you like. The FS VARMAC$ feature allows the third word to be used to hold a macro to be run when the value of the variable is changed, but this is enabled only if FS VAR MACRO$ is set nonzero. See its definition.

The elements of a q-vector may be accessed as q-registers in their own right. If q-reg A contains a q-vector, then the "q-register" :A(0) is the first element of it, and :A(1) is the second, etc. Indexing starts at zero for the first element of the q-vector, but only those elements within the virtual boundaries of the q-vector may be accessed. See FS QVECTOR$ for how to create q-vectors.

A star ("*") may be used only with commands like ] and X that wish only to store in a q-register; it causes such commands to return their data as a value instead. Thus, :I*FOO$ returns a string containing FOO.

Expressions in parentheses can be used only with commands that wish only to examine the contents of a q-register; the value of the expression is used as the contents to be examined. Commands that allow this option include F^A, F^E, F=, FQ, F~, G and M. Thus, G(Q0) is equivalent to plain G0.

Q-reg names containing ^R or ^^ refer to the definitions of ^R-mode command characters. When "^R" is used, the ^R-mode definition of the specified ASCII character is referred to; when "^^" is used, the ^R mode definition of the specified charcter xor'ed with 100 (octal) is meant. The periods specify the control and meta bits since ^R-mode definitions belong to 9-bit characters but only 7-bit characters can be inside TECO command strings; one period sets the control bit; 2, the meta bit; 3, both control and meta. If the char is obtained from a ^]^V, then all 9 bits may be obtained from that source; the periods xor into the number in the q-reg. For example, "Q^RA" refers to the definition of "A", and "Q.^RA" refers to that of control-A, as does "Q^R^]^VX" when QX holds 301 (octal). "Q^R^A" refers to the definition of downarrow, one of the new TV printing characters, as does "Q^^A". "Q^^J" refers to the definition of linefeed, whereas "Q.^RJ" refers to the definition of control-J, which can be typed in only on a TV (and which is usually defined to execute the definition of linefeed).

move pointer left arg chars (no arg, same as arg=1).

is to R as :S is to S; as :C is to C.

does "<m>+<n>-.J". This is for FLR to work.

search. Takes following text string and looks for it in the buffer, starting from the pointer. (if the string arg is null, the last nonnull arg to any search command is used) if it finds it, it positions the pointer after the string. If it does not find it, it does not move the pointer but generates an error message unless the search is inside an iteration (see <. See also FS S ERROR$ which may be used to disable this "feature"). If the search is inside an iteration, the value as if produced by :s (read on) will be saved whether or not the colon is used, for use by the ; command. The effect of iterations on searches is cancelled by errsets, so what matters is whether the search is more closely contained in an iteration or in an errset.

A positive arg to the search means do it arg times, i.e., find the argth appearance of the string; a negative arg means search the buffer backwards from the pointer and position the pointer to the left of the string if successful. If the S is preceded by "@", the char after the S is used to delimit the text string instead of altmode. In this case, a null arg causes a search for the null string, instead of a search for the last string searched for. (This for the sake of macro-writers using ^].) If the S is preceded by :, val=-1 if the search is successful and val=0 if not--there is no error condition. Note also the FB, N and _ commands, and the ^B command.

There are some special characters which, when used inside search strings, do not have their normal meanings unless quoted with a ^Q: ^X matches any character. ^B matches any delimiter char (normally this means it matches any non-squoze char, but see q-reg ..D). ^S<ch> matches any character whose Lisp syntax is <ch>. The Lisp syntax of a character is stored in q-reg ..D. ^N matches any char other than the char that follows it in the search string. ^N^B matches non-delimiters, and ^N^X matches nothing. ^N^Q^B matches all but ^B. ^N^S( matches anything whose Lisp syntax is not "(". ^O divides the string into substrings searched for simultaneously. Any one of these strings, if found, satisfies the search. Thus, SFOO^OBAR$ looks for FOO or BAR. If ^O is used inside a :S, finding the <n>th substring makes the search return -<n> as its value. ^Q quotes the following char, i.e., deprives it of special significance. In addition, ^] is special as usual.

Note that SFOO^O$ will always succeed, and will move point forward over the next three characters if and only if they are FOO. -2-(:SFOO^O$) will do that and also return nonzero only if they were FOO.

type: takes one or two args like K and types out the selected chars.

types in the echo area.

puts the number <n> in q register <q>. Returns no value.

puts <n> in <q>, and returns <m>. Thus "<m>,<n> U<q1> U<q2>" does "<n>U<q1> <m>U<q2>".

takes arg like K and displays chars, representing the cursor by "/\" (or whatever is in ..A). When, after being proceded from a --MORE--, a new screenfull is started, the place it began is remembered in FS WINDOW$ so that an attempt to display the buffer will try to start at the same place. This may make redisplay unnecessary if you search for something that appears on the screen. Nothing is typed on printing terminals.

performs standard buffer display. That is, "@V" always does what automatic buffer display does as a default (when ..B holds 0). When in ^R mode, @V does a ^R-style display. Note that @V will display on any type of terminal, although TECO does not normally display automatically on printing terminals. In ^R mode, @V treats its arguments as ^R does (as hints on how to redisplay). When not inside a ^R, @V ignores its arguments.

If V is followed by W it becomes

which does V, then waits for terminal input of one char whose 7-bit ASCII value is returned as val.

flushes current value except when part of VW or PW.

takes one or two args like K and enters selected chars as text into q-register named by next char in command string. Can be retrieved by G command and ^] substitution, q.v.

acts like X but appends text to q-reg rather than replacing q-reg contents. If q-reg does not already contain text this works like ordinary X. See also :I.

kills the buffer, then inserts one page from the current input file (until first formfeed or eof). Point is left at the beginning of the buffer. If reading is terminated by a ^L, the ^L will go in the buffer iff FS ^LINSERT$ is nonzero. (FS ^LINSERT$ is initially 0.)

The input file is not closed, even if eof is reached. To close the input file, use EC. However, EE does close the input file. Closing the input file is not necessary but will lighten the drain on system resources.

Trailing ^C's or ^@'s just before eof are considered padding and are flushed. To do input without having any padding characters removed, use FY.

The virtual buffer boundaries are understood. If no file is open, the buffer is left empty. Because Y is an easy command to be screwed by, and isn't really necessary since the A command exists, there is a way to disable it. See FS YDISABLE$.

yanks in all the rest of the file. ^L's within the file go in the buffer. A ^L at the end of the file will go in the buffer iff FS ^LINSERT$ is nonzero. Trailing ^C's and ^@'s are considered padding, and flushed. The input file is closed automatically.

val=number of chars in buffer (more generally, the character number of the virtual end of the buffer, if virtual buffer boundaries are in use). See also FS Z$, the actual length of the buffer, and FS BOUND$ and FS VZ$, which set the virtual bounds.

push text or number in q-reg <q> onto the q-register pdl. There is only one q-reg pdl, not one per q-reg. At various times (for example, the ^\ and F; commands, and after errors) TECO unwinds the q-reg pdl to a previous level by popping everything back to where it was pushed from.

The [ command does not allow subscript expressions (such as "[:A(5)") because automatic unwinding would have no way to know how to pop the pushed value back where it came from. If you wish to push the value and don't mind that errors, etc. won't pop it back, do "[(Q:A(5))" or something similar.

is equivalent to [<q> <new>U<q>.

Converts digits in the buffer to a number, or vice versa. If no arg, value is the number represented as decimal digits to right of pointer in buffer (actually, the input radix comes from FS IBASE$, as with numbers in commands). :\ allows an optional minus sign. Moves pointer to right of number.

inserts printed representation of <n> in buffer to right of pointer; usually the number is "printed" in decimal, but the radix is controlled by q-reg ..E. If two args, first specifies field size such that if 2nd is shorter than that many chars leading blanks will be added. Sets FS INSLEN$ to the number of characters inserted. See "FK" and "^F".

is like <n>\ but pads with leading spaces to <m> columns.

returns a string containing the printed representation of <n>, in the radix in ..E. Sets FS INSLEN$.

makes a <m> character string, with leading spaces.

pop from q-register pdl into q-reg <q>. See the [ command.

This command has been replaced by the @ command but still works. See the @ command.

if FS _ DISABLE$ is 0, then _ is like S, except at end of buffer do Y command and continue search until end of file on input or until text string found.

If FS _ DISABLE$ is 1, "_" is illegal. If FS _DISABLE$ is -1, "_" is the same as "-".

Use "F_" in a macro to be sure of doing the search.

deletes last char typed in, and types deleted char. Done during type-in, not during command execution. If executed (rather hard to do), same as _. Rubouts are typed out by TECO as ^? (rubout is ctl-?)

Lower case letters are interpreted like upper case letters when they are commands. Inside insert and search strings they are treated as themselves.